Tuesday, December 27, 2011
COURAGE IN THE FACE OF DANGER ... ALL RELIGIOUS GROUPS
THE GAME IS SURVIVAL, FOR ALL, IN THE NAME OF TRUTH ... FALSE DOCTRINES, ARE THE WORKS OF EVIL PEOPLE, RICH, POOR, GOOD, BAD, BLACK, WHITE, MALE, FEMALE, FREE, BOND, STRONG AND WEAK ... THESE PEOPLE OPERATE AS SECRET SILENT KILLERS, AND PUPPETS OF EVIL INTENT ... WE BELIEVE IN A NATION OF FREEDOM FOR ALL PEOPLE, AND NOT JUST A FEW CHOSEN ... I AM A VETERAN OF WAR, A WAR IN WHICH I HAD TO FIGHT FOR AMERICA, AND AGAINST OTHER AMERICANS, PEOPLE WHO I SWORE TO PROTECT, YET THEY USED ME AS THEIR TOOL OF IGNORANCE, IGNORANT TO THE FACT, THAT THEY ARE MY ENEMY BEHIND THEIR PHONY SMILES AND THEIR DRAWN UP FALSE PROMISE DOCTRINES ... THE INDIANS CALLED MY ANCESTORS ... BUFFALO SOLDIERS ... BECAUSE THEY FOUGHT IN WARS FOR A FREE NATION, YET THEY WERE STILL SLAVES TO THEIR FELLOW SOLDIERS, AND HATED BY THE NATION THAT THEY FOUGHT FOR, AND AGAINST THEIR BLOOD BROTHERS WITH ... THE INDIANS LOOKED AT OUR AFRICAN SOLDIERS AS HUMBLE WARRIORS OF FAITH, FAITH IN A PEOPLE WHO WE BELIEVED WERE HONEST, FAIR, TRUSTWORTHY AND RIGHTEOUS ... YET THEY WERE LIARS AND DECEIVERS OF OUR FAITH .... A PEOPLE WHO HAVE WORKED CONTINUOUSLY TO HIDE THE TRUTH OF OUR HIDDEN PAST, AND WE WERE INNOCENT VICTIMS, AS THE REST OF THE ENTIRE EARTH IS, AND WILL REMAIN ... UNLESS WE ALL ACCEPT AND STAND UP FOR THE TRUTH ... ALL NATIONS AND ALL RELIGIONS, AND ALL PEOPLE OF GOD .... THEY HAVE CLAIMED VICTORY OVER GODS PEOPLE, AND THEY HAVE PLANNED AHEAD TO KEEP ALL WHO RESIST, REJECT OR STAND AGAINST THEIR AGENDA .... TO PERISH OR ACCEPT SLAVERY ... NOW HAS COME SALVATION ... OUR PRESIDENT, MR. BARAK OBAMA HAS FOUGHT FOR ALL OF US, WHILE THEY CONTINUE TO FIGHT AGAINST HIM ... AGAINST US, INNOCENT PEOPLE WHO BELIEVE IN AMERICA AS A ONE DAY FREE NATION, YET THE OUTSIDE WORLD SEES OUR LEADERS, AND THE ARROGANCE OF OUR MEDIATED NEWS REPORTERS, TALK SHOWS AND THE CLOWN GOVERNMENT OF AMERICAN POLITICS ..... THEY WILL FIGHT UNTIL THEY ARE FREE FROM TERRORISTIC RULE, AND THEY KNOW ABOUT HOW THE CIA, FBI, KKK, GOP AND DEA CONTROL AND PLAY BOTH SIDES OF THE FENCE, LIKE IN SCRIPTURES ...GOOD AND EVIL ... WHO DO YOU THINK WROTE THESE TEXT...? PEOPLE WHO GAVE SATAN AND HIS ARMIES FREEDOM TO LIVE ANOTHER DAY, IN HOPES THAT THEY WOULD CHANGE ... THEY BELIEVE, LIKE A CRIMINAL FREE FROM JAIL, THAT THEY ARE BETTER AND WISER .... THEY ARE WRONG ... MANKIND WILL RULE, WITH ME OR WITHOUT ME, THEY WILL NOT STOP ... AND NEITHER WILL I ... UNTIL WE ARE ALL FREE ... ALPHA AND OMEGA
WILL YOU HELP ME... ? letters of encouragement
Pearl Ministry/Michael
824-826 south 13th street
Newark, NJ 07108
824-826 south 13th street
Newark, NJ 07108
Non-Believers this does not apply to you ... only the believers
God’s Simple Plan of Salvation
My Friend: I am asking you the most important question of life. Your joy or your sorrow for all eternity depends upon your answer. The question is: Are you saved? It is not a question of how good you are, nor if you are a church member, but are you saved? Are you sure you will go to Heaven when you die?
God says in order to go to Heaven, you must be born again. In John 3:7, Jesus said to Nicodemus, “Ye must be born again.”
In the Bible God gives us the plan of how to be born again which means to be saved. His plan is simple! You can be saved today. How?
First, my friend, you must realize you are a sinner. “For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God” (Romans 3:23).
Because you are a sinner, you are condemned to death. “For the wages [payment] of sin is death” (Romans 6:23). This includes eternal separation from God in Hell.
“ . . . it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment” (Hebrews 9:27).
But God loved you so much He gave His only begotten Son, Jesus, to bear your sin and die in your place. “ . . . He hath made Him [Jesus, Who knew no sin] to be sin for us . . . that we might be made the righteousness of God in Him” (2 Corinthians 5:21).
Jesus had to shed His blood and die. “For the life of the flesh is in the blood” (Lev. 17:11). “ . . . without shedding of blood is no remission [pardon]” (Hebrews 9:22).
“ . . . God commendeth His love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us” (Romans 5:8).
Although we cannot understand how, God said my sins and your sins were laid upon Jesus and He died in our place. He became our substitute. It is true. God cannot lie.
My friend, “God . . . commandeth all men everywhere to repent” (Acts 17:30). This repentance is a change of mind that agrees with God that one is a sinner, and also agrees with what Jesus did for us on the Cross.
In Acts 16:30-31, the Philippian jailer asked Paul and Silas: “ . . . ‘Sirs, what must I do to be saved?’ And they said, ‘Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved . . . .’ ”
Simply believe on Him as the one who bore your sin, died in your place, was buried, and whom God resurrected. His resurrection powerfully assures that the believer can claim everlasting life when Jesus is received as Savior.
“But as many as received Him, to them gave He power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on His name” (John 1:12).
“For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.” (Romans 10:13).
Whosoever includes you. Shall be saved means not maybe, nor can, but shall be saved.
Surely, you realize you are a sinner. Right now, wherever you are, repenting, lift your heart to God in prayer.
In Luke 18:13, the sinner prayed: “God be merciful to me a sinner.” Just pray: “Oh God, I know I am a sinner. I believe Jesus was my substitute when He died on the Cross. I believe His shed blood, death, burial, and resurrection were for me. I now receive Him as my Savior. I thank You for the forgiveness of my sins, the gift of salvation and everlasting life, because of Your merciful grace. Amen.”
Just take God at His word and claim His salvation by faith. Believe, and you will be saved. No church, no lodge, no good works can save you. Remember, God does the saving. All of it!
God’s simple plan of salvation is: You are a sinner. Therefore, unless you believe on Jesus Who died in your place, you will spend eternity in Hell. If you believe on Him as your crucified, buried, and risen Savior, you receive forgiveness for all of your sins and His gift of eternal salvation by faith.
You say, “Surely, it cannot be that simple.” Yes, that simple! It is scriptural. It is God’s plan. My friend, believe on Jesus and receive Him as Savior today.
If His plan is not perfectly clear, read this tract over and over, without laying it down, until you understand it. Your soul is worth more than all the world.
“For what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole world and lose his own soul?” (Mark 8:36).
Be sure you are saved. If you lose your soul, you miss Heaven and lose all. Please! Let God save you this very moment.
God’s power will save you, keep you saved, and enable you to live a victorious Christian life. “There hath no temptation taken you but such as is common to man: but God is faithful, Who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able; but will with the temptation also make a way to escape, that ye may be able to bear it” (1 Corinthians 10:13).
Do not trust your feelings. They change. Stand on God’s promises. They never change. After you are saved, there are three things to practice daily for spiritual growth:
Pray -- you talk to God. Read your Bible -- God talks to you. Witness -- you talk for God.
You should be baptized in obedience to the Lord Jesus Christ as a public testimony of your salvation, and then unite with a Bible-believing church without delay. “Be not thou therefore ashamed of the testimony of our Lord . . . .” (2 Timothy 1:8)
“Whosoever therefore shall confess [testify of] Me before men, him will I confess also before My Father which is in heaven” (Matthew 10:32).
Copyright: Robert Ford Porter, 1991
My Friend: I am asking you the most important question of life. Your joy or your sorrow for all eternity depends upon your answer. The question is: Are you saved? It is not a question of how good you are, nor if you are a church member, but are you saved? Are you sure you will go to Heaven when you die?
God says in order to go to Heaven, you must be born again. In John 3:7, Jesus said to Nicodemus, “Ye must be born again.”
In the Bible God gives us the plan of how to be born again which means to be saved. His plan is simple! You can be saved today. How?
First, my friend, you must realize you are a sinner. “For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God” (Romans 3:23).
Because you are a sinner, you are condemned to death. “For the wages [payment] of sin is death” (Romans 6:23). This includes eternal separation from God in Hell.
“ . . . it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment” (Hebrews 9:27).
But God loved you so much He gave His only begotten Son, Jesus, to bear your sin and die in your place. “ . . . He hath made Him [Jesus, Who knew no sin] to be sin for us . . . that we might be made the righteousness of God in Him” (2 Corinthians 5:21).
Jesus had to shed His blood and die. “For the life of the flesh is in the blood” (Lev. 17:11). “ . . . without shedding of blood is no remission [pardon]” (Hebrews 9:22).
“ . . . God commendeth His love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us” (Romans 5:8).
Although we cannot understand how, God said my sins and your sins were laid upon Jesus and He died in our place. He became our substitute. It is true. God cannot lie.
My friend, “God . . . commandeth all men everywhere to repent” (Acts 17:30). This repentance is a change of mind that agrees with God that one is a sinner, and also agrees with what Jesus did for us on the Cross.
In Acts 16:30-31, the Philippian jailer asked Paul and Silas: “ . . . ‘Sirs, what must I do to be saved?’ And they said, ‘Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved . . . .’ ”
Simply believe on Him as the one who bore your sin, died in your place, was buried, and whom God resurrected. His resurrection powerfully assures that the believer can claim everlasting life when Jesus is received as Savior.
“But as many as received Him, to them gave He power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on His name” (John 1:12).
“For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.” (Romans 10:13).
Whosoever includes you. Shall be saved means not maybe, nor can, but shall be saved.
Surely, you realize you are a sinner. Right now, wherever you are, repenting, lift your heart to God in prayer.
In Luke 18:13, the sinner prayed: “God be merciful to me a sinner.” Just pray: “Oh God, I know I am a sinner. I believe Jesus was my substitute when He died on the Cross. I believe His shed blood, death, burial, and resurrection were for me. I now receive Him as my Savior. I thank You for the forgiveness of my sins, the gift of salvation and everlasting life, because of Your merciful grace. Amen.”
Just take God at His word and claim His salvation by faith. Believe, and you will be saved. No church, no lodge, no good works can save you. Remember, God does the saving. All of it!
God’s simple plan of salvation is: You are a sinner. Therefore, unless you believe on Jesus Who died in your place, you will spend eternity in Hell. If you believe on Him as your crucified, buried, and risen Savior, you receive forgiveness for all of your sins and His gift of eternal salvation by faith.
You say, “Surely, it cannot be that simple.” Yes, that simple! It is scriptural. It is God’s plan. My friend, believe on Jesus and receive Him as Savior today.
If His plan is not perfectly clear, read this tract over and over, without laying it down, until you understand it. Your soul is worth more than all the world.
“For what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole world and lose his own soul?” (Mark 8:36).
Be sure you are saved. If you lose your soul, you miss Heaven and lose all. Please! Let God save you this very moment.
God’s power will save you, keep you saved, and enable you to live a victorious Christian life. “There hath no temptation taken you but such as is common to man: but God is faithful, Who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able; but will with the temptation also make a way to escape, that ye may be able to bear it” (1 Corinthians 10:13).
Do not trust your feelings. They change. Stand on God’s promises. They never change. After you are saved, there are three things to practice daily for spiritual growth:
Pray -- you talk to God. Read your Bible -- God talks to you. Witness -- you talk for God.
You should be baptized in obedience to the Lord Jesus Christ as a public testimony of your salvation, and then unite with a Bible-believing church without delay. “Be not thou therefore ashamed of the testimony of our Lord . . . .” (2 Timothy 1:8)
“Whosoever therefore shall confess [testify of] Me before men, him will I confess also before My Father which is in heaven” (Matthew 10:32).
Copyright: Robert Ford Porter, 1991
African American Women, their cooperative help in enslaving MANKIND
"Am I therefore become your enemy, because I tell you the truth?" Gal. 4:16
Order of the Eastern Star: More of Satan's Word Games
Issue Date: March/April 1991
Excerpts from Masonry, Beyond the Light by William Schnoebelen
Next to Freemasonry itself, our ministry is most questioned about the Order of the Eastern Star (OES), the "Star" as it is fondly called.
The OES was founded in 1868 as a women's auxiliary for the Lodge. It is open to all female relatives of Masons, and functions under the authority of the Lodge. A Master Mason, called the Worthy Patron MUST be present at all Star meetings. There is also another Mason, an Associate Patron, usually present. Otherwise, all the offices are held by women.
To ask what the Star does is a bit like asking what a Lodge does. The easy answer is: Not much. However, the Star does what little it does with a tremendous amount of pomp and ceremony.
Star meetings, like Lodge meetings, consist of opening the meeting with much waving of rods and banners and the singing of hymns. The officers ritually declare their stations and functions and Grand Chapter officers are introduced and honored with tedious predictability. This can easily kill a half hour to forty-five minutes.
Then, minutes are read, sick members are mentioned and any items of mundane business transacted, much like any other club. If members are to be initiated, that is done, and that can take at least an hour.
Then the chapter is solemnly closed, with a lot more ceremonial ado, followed by a social hour. Ultimately, the chief function of a Star chapter, like a Lodge, is to make more members! Everything else is secondary to that.
The Star is regarded by Masonic women as a fine Christian institution within Masonry.
Classics like How Great Thou Art are sung. The motto of the chapter is right out of the Bible: "We have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him'" (Matthew 2:2).
Sadly, one of the key strategies a cult uses is to play upon the common interpretation of words. Dealing with any cult involves getting through a jungle of definitions.
The cult will use words which have common meanings, like "Jesus" or "saved," or well known Bible verses, but will carefully not explain to potential members that they have applied a subtext to these terms, a second layer of meaning!
This is the problem with the OES. The people who put the order together back in the 19th century relied upon the familiarity with Matthew 2:2 as a common "Christmas verse." However, in light of the satanic symbolism involved in the OES, we need to look for another layer of meaning applied to that verse of scripture.
The A.V. 1611 text does not say "eastern star." It says "star in the east." The phrase "Eastern Star" has a specialized meaning in occultism.
It refers to the star, Sirius, which is the most significant star in Satanism! It is sacred to the god, Set. Remember Set as the evil Egyptian god who killed Osiris? Set is probably the oldest form of Satan! The Eastern Star is the star of Set.
However, deadly word games are being played here. Though most women involved in the OES doubtlessly assume they are worshiping Jesus as they kneel around a huge satanic pentagram, it is obvious that the "his" actually refers to Set's star, not Jesus' star.
In Albert Pike's commentary on this degree, we find the usual duplicity found elsewhere in the Lodge. He explains:
"To find in the BLAZING STAR of five points an allusion to Divine Providence is fanciful; and to make it commemorative of the Star that is said to have guided the Magi, is to give it a meaning comparatively modern. Originally, it represented Sirius, or the Dog-star, the forerunner of the inundation of the Nile…"
Pike readily casts aside the bland lie of the degree and confirms that the blazing star is neither Divine Providence, nor is it Jesus' "star in the east." It is an Egyptian idol, the symbol of Sirius!
There is another critical problem in the Star—a reason why no Christian woman would wish to be a part of this organization.
Set (Lucifer) is the acknowledged god of Masonry. Thus, what does it mean for a Christian woman to be adopted into the Star?She is submitting herself to the spiritual authority of Lucifer.
She may not know it, but in bowing before the altar of the Star, the inverted pentagram of Baphomet, she has surrendered herself (however innocently) to the gods of Masonry. That WILL give Satan an entry point into her life, no matter how devout a Christian she may be.
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Order of the Eastern Star: More of Satan's Word Games
Issue Date: March/April 1991
Excerpts from Masonry, Beyond the Light by William Schnoebelen
Next to Freemasonry itself, our ministry is most questioned about the Order of the Eastern Star (OES), the "Star" as it is fondly called.
The OES was founded in 1868 as a women's auxiliary for the Lodge. It is open to all female relatives of Masons, and functions under the authority of the Lodge. A Master Mason, called the Worthy Patron MUST be present at all Star meetings. There is also another Mason, an Associate Patron, usually present. Otherwise, all the offices are held by women.
To ask what the Star does is a bit like asking what a Lodge does. The easy answer is: Not much. However, the Star does what little it does with a tremendous amount of pomp and ceremony.
Star meetings, like Lodge meetings, consist of opening the meeting with much waving of rods and banners and the singing of hymns. The officers ritually declare their stations and functions and Grand Chapter officers are introduced and honored with tedious predictability. This can easily kill a half hour to forty-five minutes.
Then, minutes are read, sick members are mentioned and any items of mundane business transacted, much like any other club. If members are to be initiated, that is done, and that can take at least an hour.
Then the chapter is solemnly closed, with a lot more ceremonial ado, followed by a social hour. Ultimately, the chief function of a Star chapter, like a Lodge, is to make more members! Everything else is secondary to that.
The Star is regarded by Masonic women as a fine Christian institution within Masonry.
Classics like How Great Thou Art are sung. The motto of the chapter is right out of the Bible: "We have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him'" (Matthew 2:2).
Sadly, one of the key strategies a cult uses is to play upon the common interpretation of words. Dealing with any cult involves getting through a jungle of definitions.
The cult will use words which have common meanings, like "Jesus" or "saved," or well known Bible verses, but will carefully not explain to potential members that they have applied a subtext to these terms, a second layer of meaning!
This is the problem with the OES. The people who put the order together back in the 19th century relied upon the familiarity with Matthew 2:2 as a common "Christmas verse." However, in light of the satanic symbolism involved in the OES, we need to look for another layer of meaning applied to that verse of scripture.
The A.V. 1611 text does not say "eastern star." It says "star in the east." The phrase "Eastern Star" has a specialized meaning in occultism.
It refers to the star, Sirius, which is the most significant star in Satanism! It is sacred to the god, Set. Remember Set as the evil Egyptian god who killed Osiris? Set is probably the oldest form of Satan! The Eastern Star is the star of Set.
However, deadly word games are being played here. Though most women involved in the OES doubtlessly assume they are worshiping Jesus as they kneel around a huge satanic pentagram, it is obvious that the "his" actually refers to Set's star, not Jesus' star.
In Albert Pike's commentary on this degree, we find the usual duplicity found elsewhere in the Lodge. He explains:
"To find in the BLAZING STAR of five points an allusion to Divine Providence is fanciful; and to make it commemorative of the Star that is said to have guided the Magi, is to give it a meaning comparatively modern. Originally, it represented Sirius, or the Dog-star, the forerunner of the inundation of the Nile…"
Pike readily casts aside the bland lie of the degree and confirms that the blazing star is neither Divine Providence, nor is it Jesus' "star in the east." It is an Egyptian idol, the symbol of Sirius!
There is another critical problem in the Star—a reason why no Christian woman would wish to be a part of this organization.
Set (Lucifer) is the acknowledged god of Masonry. Thus, what does it mean for a Christian woman to be adopted into the Star?She is submitting herself to the spiritual authority of Lucifer.
She may not know it, but in bowing before the altar of the Star, the inverted pentagram of Baphomet, she has surrendered herself (however innocently) to the gods of Masonry. That WILL give Satan an entry point into her life, no matter how devout a Christian she may be.
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Jezebel (1938) - IMDb www.imdb.com/title/tt0030287/Rating: 7.6/10 - 4,838 votes Directed by William Wyler. With Bette Davis, Henry Fonda, George Brent, Margaret Lindsay. A haughty ...
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CHRIST WARNED OF THIS
NOW THERE IS A NEW UNSEEN WAY TO KEEP PEOPLE IN OPPRESSION .... RICH v/s POOR
Financial slavery My thoughts, views and use of financial slaves,pay pigs,atm slaves,money slaves, cash cows, wallet worms,financial blackmail slaves.
Home
Pay pigs – money slaves rubbing their cocks -money slaves fantasy- cash cows desire – what Mistress wants NOW
Good evening,
Awwww bless, you are reading a financial slavery blog thinking you are one.. no you fucking are not .. you are a wannabee with a sticky stinking cock, you lie to yourself and wank at the idea of making payments.
If you have not bought me a gift from my Amazon wish list and you have not made a payment to my bank account then you ARE without a doubt a spunk stained fake.
I dont give a fuck if you dont like being called those names.. those names describe YOU, yes you reading this now who has never and will never part with so much as the skin of a fart you just THINK you are a financial slave, you fantasise about being a pay pig, you rub your stinky cock thinking what it would be like to make that payment and have Me pay attention just to you yes you on a one to one basis.. forget it wank stain wallet, untill you PAY PAY PAY and BUY BUY BUY you havent got a fucking hope in hell with me.
I like gifts, clothes , money and I LOVE men who DO pay.. everyone else it just shit beneeath my shoe and you non payers are not even fit to lick the shit off my shoes.
Now fuck off and read those links then send MONEY AND GIFTS.
>>>>> WISH LIST & BANK to BANK /OVER COUNTER
December 15, 2011
Mistress wants THIS item buying for her this Christmas by a pay pig -money slave
Hello pay pigs, money slaves, financial slaves
I want >>>>> THIS top of the list item for Christmas… come on pay pigs hurry up and see who can be the first to prove they really ARE a financial slave-money slave.
Mz Lucinda x
December 14, 2011
Money slave wanted this week to take me shopping and out for lunch-Mistress also needs new stockings .
Well hello time wasters..yes you reading this.. have you sent a gift or made a payment NO you have not so that makes you a wank stain time wasters.
For fucks sake any guy that calls himself joe loop , e mails me wanting to be blackmailed then wants to phone from america to discuss what ‘stuff’ he has to do .. a right wank stain waster from the start.. YES YES YES and he was.. bullshit bullshit bullshit… only got to his 3rd email and it was the same old shit.. that I had to PROVE myself to him.. well loopy joe it was YOU who wanted to be blackmailed NOT ME.
Sheesh you so called fianncial slaves get kicked to the kerb in less that 4 emails you are SO OBVIOUSLY fake. It wastes my time. time that can be spent chatting on the phone or online to REAL fincnail slaves and pay pigs.
So stop fucking about, get on my >>> AMAZON WISH LIST and send those xmas gifts NOW.
Any squirming worms free this coming week for some ATM money slavery ??
I want a pay pig/money slave to take me to the supermarket and pay for some luxury Christmas food items for me .. will it be you ?? YES YOU.
Your duty will be to come and collect me, take me to Sainsburys, push the trolley round while i chose some delicious cheeses, crakers, wines, a bottle of champagne and chocolates ..you WILL pay for the items, pack them into bags and bring me back home… time permitting you can take me for lunch or an evening meal… stop fucking whinging you worms, check that wallet, get your credit card out and contact me to arrange a time .
My phone number is 07769347624 DO NOT ring to waste my time. I can spot you wank stain wastrels a mile off.
Oh and before I go, I am in need of some new stockings I require a money slave to buy them for me..contact me for details.
Mz Lucinda
December 11, 2011
Pay pigs -financial blackmail -silly sub rob and sissy small cock – Mistress wants a leather skirt
A very late good evening worms and pay pigs,
Worthless worms in fact, you need to be controlled .. none of this crap and whining with a sorry Mistress I forgot to pay, sorry Mistress I couldnt find time.. get your fucking lazy arse to the bank you squirming wankers.
I have a list of items i want as gifts, I dont give a fuck how you get the money those gifts are what i want and buy them you WILL, just remember those photos your sent me and the other details.. yes thats made your arse cheeks clench .. you wanted financial blackmail and thats what you get and of course I GET THE GIFTS… that is VERY VERY fair.
Yes money slaves and pay pigs, its called squeezzing you by the balls till your pips pop and you love me for it ~smiles~
Mistress is in need of a new leather skirt and a corset… tomorrow I will be posting links to the items I want and by the end of the week one of your wallet worms will have dug deep into his wallet and bought it for me.
One of my devoted financial slaves has sent me a beautiful silk scarf and a scented bath oil ..what are you going to send me ??
My Amazon.co.uk wish list is >>>>HERE … you have permission to either choose a gift that will be sent to me or send and e mail gift certificate using my e mail domme_of_your_soul@hotmail.co.uk
sissy small cock contact me and I shall instruct you over the phone to purchase gifts for me.
subrob STOP being a twat and send an xmas gift, as you have expressed a desire to come crawling back to me at the end of January when you have made your final payment to your current financial Domme then, you MUST ensure that I will be interested in you, as it stands you mean nothing to me . You want to come wriggling back because I controlled you so damned welland you want financial blakcmail… lay some money on the table or you get nothing you pathetic worm.
Now off you go money slaves and pay pigs and choose gifts for me.
Mz Lucinda.
December 11, 2011
Cash and cock control –Financial blackmail -dirty sordid secrets wanted from financial slaves and money pigs
Goood evening financial slaves, pay pigs and cash cows.
Its December and that means Christmas AMAZON WISH LIST TIME
Plenty of items on it to suit ALL wallets ..so dont be mean especially you pay pigs who have the honour of lengthy chats with me on yahoo and msn ~smiles~
Those of you who read my blogs and have been a total time waster and tried just about every futile boring excuse possible to TRY and get chat ..NOW is the time to redeem yourselves.
I have been having fun with a pay pig this week, an atm slave to be exact… he was such good fun loving the humiliation side of being made to pay with a few onlookers ha ha.
Thank you to the charming financial slave who sent a wonderful hamper of Christmas food , I will be raining a glass of champers to you on the big day ~smiles~
Contract slaves really DO need to get your act together and fast. A contract is just that and if you start with the bullshit I walk away … £50 per month does NOT buy my time on your whim. Financial slavery is exactly what it says on the tin. If you want one to one phone chat then make an extra payment.
Now comes financial blackmail… come on pay pigs, AFTER making the interim payment you can part with your dirty sordid secrets for blackmail use, I require secrets you dont want anyone to find out about.. compromising photos, you in your wifes knickers, your with your cock out doing dirty things.. you MUST give proof its you.I want bank details, work details.. financial blackmail is nothing without useful info to financially blackmail you with.
One of my all time favourites is the cash and cock control… ha ha seeing you squirm with a cock securely locked away is such fun, watching your face as your bound cock and balls get hard while i rape your wallet is such a joy for ME.
Cum on cam cost you financially.. money direct into my bank or pay with Amaon e mail gift certificates… pay to play .. be used and abused.
So guys I have things to do now, I am on yahoo and msn all night BUT make sure you gift, tribute or pay then I will give my attention to YOU.
Details of how to make bank payments are here >>> Financial Gifting
Bye for now
Mz Lucinda x x
Financial slavery My thoughts, views and use of financial slaves,pay pigs,atm slaves,money slaves, cash cows, wallet worms,financial blackmail slaves.
Home
Pay pigs – money slaves rubbing their cocks -money slaves fantasy- cash cows desire – what Mistress wants NOW
Good evening,
Awwww bless, you are reading a financial slavery blog thinking you are one.. no you fucking are not .. you are a wannabee with a sticky stinking cock, you lie to yourself and wank at the idea of making payments.
If you have not bought me a gift from my Amazon wish list and you have not made a payment to my bank account then you ARE without a doubt a spunk stained fake.
I dont give a fuck if you dont like being called those names.. those names describe YOU, yes you reading this now who has never and will never part with so much as the skin of a fart you just THINK you are a financial slave, you fantasise about being a pay pig, you rub your stinky cock thinking what it would be like to make that payment and have Me pay attention just to you yes you on a one to one basis.. forget it wank stain wallet, untill you PAY PAY PAY and BUY BUY BUY you havent got a fucking hope in hell with me.
I like gifts, clothes , money and I LOVE men who DO pay.. everyone else it just shit beneeath my shoe and you non payers are not even fit to lick the shit off my shoes.
Now fuck off and read those links then send MONEY AND GIFTS.
>>>>> WISH LIST & BANK to BANK /OVER COUNTER
December 15, 2011
Mistress wants THIS item buying for her this Christmas by a pay pig -money slave
Hello pay pigs, money slaves, financial slaves
I want >>>>> THIS top of the list item for Christmas… come on pay pigs hurry up and see who can be the first to prove they really ARE a financial slave-money slave.
Mz Lucinda x
December 14, 2011
Money slave wanted this week to take me shopping and out for lunch-Mistress also needs new stockings .
Well hello time wasters..yes you reading this.. have you sent a gift or made a payment NO you have not so that makes you a wank stain time wasters.
For fucks sake any guy that calls himself joe loop , e mails me wanting to be blackmailed then wants to phone from america to discuss what ‘stuff’ he has to do .. a right wank stain waster from the start.. YES YES YES and he was.. bullshit bullshit bullshit… only got to his 3rd email and it was the same old shit.. that I had to PROVE myself to him.. well loopy joe it was YOU who wanted to be blackmailed NOT ME.
Sheesh you so called fianncial slaves get kicked to the kerb in less that 4 emails you are SO OBVIOUSLY fake. It wastes my time. time that can be spent chatting on the phone or online to REAL fincnail slaves and pay pigs.
So stop fucking about, get on my >>> AMAZON WISH LIST and send those xmas gifts NOW.
Any squirming worms free this coming week for some ATM money slavery ??
I want a pay pig/money slave to take me to the supermarket and pay for some luxury Christmas food items for me .. will it be you ?? YES YOU.
Your duty will be to come and collect me, take me to Sainsburys, push the trolley round while i chose some delicious cheeses, crakers, wines, a bottle of champagne and chocolates ..you WILL pay for the items, pack them into bags and bring me back home… time permitting you can take me for lunch or an evening meal… stop fucking whinging you worms, check that wallet, get your credit card out and contact me to arrange a time .
My phone number is 07769347624 DO NOT ring to waste my time. I can spot you wank stain wastrels a mile off.
Oh and before I go, I am in need of some new stockings I require a money slave to buy them for me..contact me for details.
Mz Lucinda
December 11, 2011
Pay pigs -financial blackmail -silly sub rob and sissy small cock – Mistress wants a leather skirt
A very late good evening worms and pay pigs,
Worthless worms in fact, you need to be controlled .. none of this crap and whining with a sorry Mistress I forgot to pay, sorry Mistress I couldnt find time.. get your fucking lazy arse to the bank you squirming wankers.
I have a list of items i want as gifts, I dont give a fuck how you get the money those gifts are what i want and buy them you WILL, just remember those photos your sent me and the other details.. yes thats made your arse cheeks clench .. you wanted financial blackmail and thats what you get and of course I GET THE GIFTS… that is VERY VERY fair.
Yes money slaves and pay pigs, its called squeezzing you by the balls till your pips pop and you love me for it ~smiles~
Mistress is in need of a new leather skirt and a corset… tomorrow I will be posting links to the items I want and by the end of the week one of your wallet worms will have dug deep into his wallet and bought it for me.
One of my devoted financial slaves has sent me a beautiful silk scarf and a scented bath oil ..what are you going to send me ??
My Amazon.co.uk wish list is >>>>HERE … you have permission to either choose a gift that will be sent to me or send and e mail gift certificate using my e mail domme_of_your_soul@hotmail.co.uk
sissy small cock contact me and I shall instruct you over the phone to purchase gifts for me.
subrob STOP being a twat and send an xmas gift, as you have expressed a desire to come crawling back to me at the end of January when you have made your final payment to your current financial Domme then, you MUST ensure that I will be interested in you, as it stands you mean nothing to me . You want to come wriggling back because I controlled you so damned welland you want financial blakcmail… lay some money on the table or you get nothing you pathetic worm.
Now off you go money slaves and pay pigs and choose gifts for me.
Mz Lucinda.
December 11, 2011
Cash and cock control –Financial blackmail -dirty sordid secrets wanted from financial slaves and money pigs
Goood evening financial slaves, pay pigs and cash cows.
Its December and that means Christmas AMAZON WISH LIST TIME
Plenty of items on it to suit ALL wallets ..so dont be mean especially you pay pigs who have the honour of lengthy chats with me on yahoo and msn ~smiles~
Those of you who read my blogs and have been a total time waster and tried just about every futile boring excuse possible to TRY and get chat ..NOW is the time to redeem yourselves.
I have been having fun with a pay pig this week, an atm slave to be exact… he was such good fun loving the humiliation side of being made to pay with a few onlookers ha ha.
Thank you to the charming financial slave who sent a wonderful hamper of Christmas food , I will be raining a glass of champers to you on the big day ~smiles~
Contract slaves really DO need to get your act together and fast. A contract is just that and if you start with the bullshit I walk away … £50 per month does NOT buy my time on your whim. Financial slavery is exactly what it says on the tin. If you want one to one phone chat then make an extra payment.
Now comes financial blackmail… come on pay pigs, AFTER making the interim payment you can part with your dirty sordid secrets for blackmail use, I require secrets you dont want anyone to find out about.. compromising photos, you in your wifes knickers, your with your cock out doing dirty things.. you MUST give proof its you.I want bank details, work details.. financial blackmail is nothing without useful info to financially blackmail you with.
One of my all time favourites is the cash and cock control… ha ha seeing you squirm with a cock securely locked away is such fun, watching your face as your bound cock and balls get hard while i rape your wallet is such a joy for ME.
Cum on cam cost you financially.. money direct into my bank or pay with Amaon e mail gift certificates… pay to play .. be used and abused.
So guys I have things to do now, I am on yahoo and msn all night BUT make sure you gift, tribute or pay then I will give my attention to YOU.
Details of how to make bank payments are here >>> Financial Gifting
Bye for now
Mz Lucinda x x
KING OF EARTH
Ethiopian Earth ... El ion
Genesis 3:8 Then the man and his wife heard the sound of the LORD God as he was walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and they hid from the LORD God among the trees of the garden.
Isaiah 2:10 Go into the rocks, hide in the ground from dread of the LORD and the splendor of his majesty!
Isaiah 2:19 Men will flee to caves in the rocks and to holes in the ground from dread of the LORD and the splendor of his majesty, when he rises to shake the earth.
Isaiah 24:21 In that day the LORD will punish the powers in the heavens above and the kings on the earth below.
Revelation 18:23 The light of a lamp will never shine in you again. The voice of bridegroom and bride will never be heard in you again. Your merchants were the world's great men. By your magic spell all the nations were led astray.
Revelation 19:18 so that you may eat the flesh of kings, generals, and mighty men, of horses and their riders, and the flesh of all people, free and slave, small and great."
Genesis 3:8 Then the man and his wife heard the sound of the LORD God as he was walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and they hid from the LORD God among the trees of the garden.
Isaiah 2:10 Go into the rocks, hide in the ground from dread of the LORD and the splendor of his majesty!
Isaiah 2:19 Men will flee to caves in the rocks and to holes in the ground from dread of the LORD and the splendor of his majesty, when he rises to shake the earth.
Isaiah 24:21 In that day the LORD will punish the powers in the heavens above and the kings on the earth below.
Revelation 18:23 The light of a lamp will never shine in you again. The voice of bridegroom and bride will never be heard in you again. Your merchants were the world's great men. By your magic spell all the nations were led astray.
Revelation 19:18 so that you may eat the flesh of kings, generals, and mighty men, of horses and their riders, and the flesh of all people, free and slave, small and great."
Ethiopia to An African ... NAME BRAND
Until I'm laid to rest, I am a man of TRUTH, and after I am gone, my spirit is eternal .... I am a slave only to Allah, the truth
Ethiopia
People & Culture
People | Languages | Religion | Festivals & Events | Cooking & Recipes | Music & Musical Instruments| Art & Craft
PEOPLE
The Amhara are the politically and culturally dominant ethnic group of Ethiopia. They are located primarily in the central highland plateau of Ethiopia and comprise the major population element in the provinces of Begemder and Gojjam and in parts of Shoa and Wallo. In terms of the total Ethiopian population, however, the Amhara are a numerical minority. The national population has usually been placed at between 14 and 22 million.
It is generally estimated that the Amhara, together with the closely related Tigre, constitute about one-third of this total population. One of the most recent estimates gives the number of native speakers of Amharic, the language of the Amhara, as approximately 7,800,000. (cf. Bender 1971:217)
their national clothes are basically white, whether the shawls and light blankets worn over the shoulders by the men or the white dresses and wraps worn by the ladies
In comparison, there seems to be general agreement that the Oromo peoples form the largest ethnic component in the country, comprising around 40 percent of the population. They are a pastoral and agricultural people who live mainly in central and southwestern Ethiopia, constitute about 40 percent of the population.
The Shankella, a people in the western part of the country from the border of Eritrea to Lake Turkana, constitute about 6 percent of the population.
The Ethiopians (Peoples of Africa) (amazon.com) -USA (amazon.co.uk) - UK by Richard Pankhurst, Barbara Pankhurst complete history of the Ethiopians from pre-history to the present day draws on research in archaeology, anthropology, linguistics, and recent historiography.
It charts the development of Ethiopian peoples and their society, placing emphasis on the African origins of Ethiopian civilization.
Photographs of Ethiopian People and Places
Listen to Ethiopian National Anthem Words of the Ethiopian National Anthem
Buy the Ethiopian Flag
LANGUAGES
Languages spoken include Amharic, Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools)
Here are a few words in Amharic Hello - Selam Goodbye - Dehna hun (for masculine), Dehna hugni (feminine), Dehna hunu (plural) Thank you - amesegnalehu Zero - Zero One - Ande Two - Hulet Three - Sost Four - Arat Five - Amist Six - Sidist Seven - Sebat Eight - Timint Nine - Zetegne Ten - Asir
Here are a few words in Arabic Hello - Ahalan Goodbye - Ma'a ElSalama Thank you - shokran You're welcome - Ala ElRahib Wa ElSaa Zero - Sifer One - Wahid Two - Ithinin Three - Thalatha Four - Arba'a Five - Kamisa Six - Sita Seven - Saba'a Eight - Thamania Nine - Tisa'a Ten - Ashara
Other Websites
Languages of Ethiopia
RELIGION
Religion is a secure and accepted element of everyday life in Ethiopia and the language is full of references to God. Yet there is not the ever-present feel that one can experience in a totally Muslim country for example. On the central plateau, the Ethiopian Orthodox church holds sway, again an individual and fascinating feature of this unusual country. Priests and deacons abound in their often colourful robes, carrying their staffs and ornate crosses that people frequently kiss as they pass.
Christianity came to Ethiopia in ancient times and became the official Ethiopian religion in the 4th century. The Orthodox church has many connections with ancient Judaism. Fasting and detailed food restrictions, the specific ways of slaughtering animals, circumcision and the layout of the churches, all these things make for a very particular religious culture.
Islam is also very strong in many parts of Ethiopia, frequently existing peaceably alongside Christianity. The city of Harar, in the east of the country, is officially the fourth most holy Muslim site in the world.
Ethiopia has communities of 'falashas', Ethiopian Jews, especially in the Gondar region in the north. Many of these however have now departed to live in Israel, having been airlifted out of the country with Operation Solomon and Operation Moses in the latter part of the 20th century.
In the lowland areas, animistic and pagan religions are still commonly found among tribal peoples who live in simple and primitive communities
Information kindly donated by Link Ethiopia
FESTIVALS AND EVENTS
The Ethiopians love to celebrate, whether important events in their history, major landmarks in the religious calendar or simply special family days. Best clothes are worn, food and drink are plentiful, musicians play and people dance and sing.
National holidays are held to celebrate the victory over the Italians at Adwa in 1896, the Liberation from the Italian occupation in 1941 and the downfall of the Derg in 1991.
But it is the major Ethiopian Orthodox festivals that represent the people at their most colourful and festive.
Ethiopia Religious Festival Tour Ethiopia Historic Route tour is also designed in such a way to coincides with the colorful Festivals of Meskal, Timkat, Christmas or Axum Tsion. You will enjoy beauty of Ethiopia religious festival celebrations Click to view full itinerary
Ethiopia Meskel Festival Tour Celebrations 16 –29 September 2008. historic sites, wonders and splendors, stunning landscapes, fascinating attractions and colorful festivals will surprise any visitor. The major highlight of this special Ethiopia tour is to attend the celebration of Meskel Festival in Addis Ababa. The tour also includes a visit of Ethiopia Historic Route. Click to view full itinerary
Ethiopia Two major Festivals: Christmas and Timket - Trip Dates 5 - 19 January 2009 The best time to make a holiday to Ethiopia is on the date of its festivals. Book this special tour to attend the celebration of the two major festivals-Christmas in Lalibela and Timket in Addis Ababa. The tour also includes a visit of Ethiopia Historic Route Tigray Rock Churches and Simien Mountain National park.Click to view full itinerary
Ethiopia Timket Festival: Celebrating in Lalibela - Trip Dates 15 - 27 January 2009 The main Highlights of this Ethiopia tour is to visit the celebration of Ethiopian Epiphany- Timket, on 19 January in Lalibela. Lalibela is one of the Holy towns in the country; Timket festival is celebrated so colorfully and differently. It is the best place to attend Timket festival in Ethiopia. The tour also includes a visit of Ethiopia Historic Route. Click to view full itinerary
Meskal is a two-day festival at the end of September celebrating the Finding of the True Cross. Bonfires are lit and singing and dancing take place around them, while the priests don their full ceremonial regalia.
Timkat
Timkat usually falls on the January 19, 12 days after Christmas according to the Julian calendar. Festivities take place the day before as well as the day after. This date varies by a day during leap years. The festival is celebrated throughout the Ethiopian highlands in Orthodox Christian strongholds, but nowhere is it quite as spectacular as in Lalibela, an isolated mountain town in the arid north of the country.
It is a colourful three-day festival celebrating Epiphany and it is marked by the procession of the tabots (the replicas of the Ark of the Covenant, the original of which is said to be in the chapel at Axum) around the towns, draped in heavy embroidered materials. People bathe in the lakes and splash water over onlookers.
After the ceremony, the tabots are taken back to the churches in procession, accompanied by singing, drumming, the ringing of bells and blowing of trumpets. Festivities continue throughout the day and into the night. More religious ceremony takes place the following day, dedicated to the Archangel Mikael, after which the priests are fed by their parishioners and young people continue to celebrate into the night.
Other religious festivals are at Fasika (Easter), Inketatash (the New Year in mid-September) and Genna (Christmas in early January). All the Islamic holidays are also celebrated according to the lunar cycle of shifting dates as in other countries
Information kindly donated by Link Ethiopia
COOKING & RECIPES
Ethiopia's staple grain is called teff, and from its flour the Ethiopians fashion a large pancake-like bread called injera that they place directly on the dining table. Other dishes that make up the meal are portioned onto the injera and diners eat by scooping these portions into rolled-up pieces of the injera that they have torn off.
Thick stews called wats are the most popular dishes and can be made from meat, vegetables, or beans. Stews is enlivened with the spicy mitin shiro, a flavorful combination of ground beans, spices, and chilies used to season many foods.
The last course of a meal is often kitfo, freshly ground raw beef.
Ethiopians brew a barley beer called tella and a honey wine called ej. Small fried cookies known as dabo kolo are a favorite snack
How a Dinner is Served in Ethiopia
Doro Alicha - mild Ethiopian chicken dish
Doro Wat - A spicy Ethiopian chicken dish
Tibs Wet - A very spicy (and fatty!) meat dish from Ethiopia
Injera Bread - A very simple recipe for injera, the pancake-spongy bread that accompanies Ethiopian food.
Spiced butter ((Niter Kebbeh))A recipe for clarified, herbed butter, a basic ingredient in Ethiopian cuisine
Berbere A red-pepper based spice mixture, used in Ethiopian dishes
Ethiopian lentils
Ethiopian Recipes - A number of recipes at this website
MUSIC
Out in the community, musical instruments play a social and entertaining role. The single-stringed masenko is played by minstrels who sing of life around them and invent, calypso-like, topical verses on the spot. The krar is a lyre-like plucked instrument with 5 or 6 strings while the begenna is the portable harp.
Up in the hills can be found boys looking after cattle and sheep and playing on the washint, a simple reed flute played with one hand.
Ethiopian people know and love their folk songs. Singing is high pitched and shrill Sand frequently accompanied by excited ululation, especially at weddings and other joyful occasions.
No joyous occasion ever passes without the Ethiopians indulging in their unique form of dancing. There are many styles according to the part of the country, but they frequently focus on the shoulders which seductively gyrate and undulate in a frenzied display of almost competitive energy. As one dancer runs out of steam, so another enters the fray with renewed vigour
Information kindly donated by Link Ethiopia
Many reggae musicians declare their importance to having some connection to Ethiopian musical origins although the Ethiopian musicians will tell you their music has more in common with Jazz.
Recommended Music
Ethiopian Urban and Tribal Music Vol.1 Soul of Addis - Mahmoud Ahmed Ethiopiques, Vol. 9: Alemayehu Eshete Buy USA - amazon.com Buy UK - amazon.co.uk Buy USA - amazon.com Buy UK - amazon.co.uk Buy USA - amazon.com
See our full selection of Ethiopian Music
Musical Instruments
Stringed instruments like the begena or the krar are harps while another more fiddle-like instrument is known as masenko.
Kebaro Very common in popular and religious music is the kabaro or kebero. When the women and men dance in their beautiful white robes they dance on the rhythm of the drums
ART & CRAFT
A unique feature of Ethiopian culture is its naïve style of painting that is to be found in every church and in many other locations. This style seems to have remained almost unchanged for centuries.
Figures are drawn in two dimensions, almost cartoon-like in their direct and simplistic portrayal, with strong colours and clear lines. The almond-shaped eyes are a particularly appealing characteristic.
Church painting in Ethiopia serves a very real purpose, with all the biblical and more localised religious stories being portrayed clearly and simply to inform uneducated people of their traditions and their heritage. European medieval imagery is a clear comparison here.
One modern name is clearly prominent in the world of Ethiopian painting today. Afework Tekle has an international reputation as an artist of immense standing. His works, though clearly based in an Ethiopian tradition, have a new and creative dynamism that is immediately of universal appeal. His vibrant paintings, many of them on very large canvases, are to be seen throughout Ethiopia in museums and galleries as well as on postage stamps and postcards
Information kindly donated by Link Ethiopia Nam
Ethiopia
People & Culture
People | Languages | Religion | Festivals & Events | Cooking & Recipes | Music & Musical Instruments| Art & Craft
PEOPLE
The Amhara are the politically and culturally dominant ethnic group of Ethiopia. They are located primarily in the central highland plateau of Ethiopia and comprise the major population element in the provinces of Begemder and Gojjam and in parts of Shoa and Wallo. In terms of the total Ethiopian population, however, the Amhara are a numerical minority. The national population has usually been placed at between 14 and 22 million.
It is generally estimated that the Amhara, together with the closely related Tigre, constitute about one-third of this total population. One of the most recent estimates gives the number of native speakers of Amharic, the language of the Amhara, as approximately 7,800,000. (cf. Bender 1971:217)
their national clothes are basically white, whether the shawls and light blankets worn over the shoulders by the men or the white dresses and wraps worn by the ladies
In comparison, there seems to be general agreement that the Oromo peoples form the largest ethnic component in the country, comprising around 40 percent of the population. They are a pastoral and agricultural people who live mainly in central and southwestern Ethiopia, constitute about 40 percent of the population.
The Shankella, a people in the western part of the country from the border of Eritrea to Lake Turkana, constitute about 6 percent of the population.
The Ethiopians (Peoples of Africa) (amazon.com) -USA (amazon.co.uk) - UK by Richard Pankhurst, Barbara Pankhurst complete history of the Ethiopians from pre-history to the present day draws on research in archaeology, anthropology, linguistics, and recent historiography.
It charts the development of Ethiopian peoples and their society, placing emphasis on the African origins of Ethiopian civilization.
Photographs of Ethiopian People and Places
Listen to Ethiopian National Anthem Words of the Ethiopian National Anthem
Buy the Ethiopian Flag
LANGUAGES
Languages spoken include Amharic, Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools)
Here are a few words in Amharic Hello - Selam Goodbye - Dehna hun (for masculine), Dehna hugni (feminine), Dehna hunu (plural) Thank you - amesegnalehu Zero - Zero One - Ande Two - Hulet Three - Sost Four - Arat Five - Amist Six - Sidist Seven - Sebat Eight - Timint Nine - Zetegne Ten - Asir
Here are a few words in Arabic Hello - Ahalan Goodbye - Ma'a ElSalama Thank you - shokran You're welcome - Ala ElRahib Wa ElSaa Zero - Sifer One - Wahid Two - Ithinin Three - Thalatha Four - Arba'a Five - Kamisa Six - Sita Seven - Saba'a Eight - Thamania Nine - Tisa'a Ten - Ashara
Other Websites
Languages of Ethiopia
RELIGION
Religion is a secure and accepted element of everyday life in Ethiopia and the language is full of references to God. Yet there is not the ever-present feel that one can experience in a totally Muslim country for example. On the central plateau, the Ethiopian Orthodox church holds sway, again an individual and fascinating feature of this unusual country. Priests and deacons abound in their often colourful robes, carrying their staffs and ornate crosses that people frequently kiss as they pass.
Christianity came to Ethiopia in ancient times and became the official Ethiopian religion in the 4th century. The Orthodox church has many connections with ancient Judaism. Fasting and detailed food restrictions, the specific ways of slaughtering animals, circumcision and the layout of the churches, all these things make for a very particular religious culture.
Islam is also very strong in many parts of Ethiopia, frequently existing peaceably alongside Christianity. The city of Harar, in the east of the country, is officially the fourth most holy Muslim site in the world.
Ethiopia has communities of 'falashas', Ethiopian Jews, especially in the Gondar region in the north. Many of these however have now departed to live in Israel, having been airlifted out of the country with Operation Solomon and Operation Moses in the latter part of the 20th century.
In the lowland areas, animistic and pagan religions are still commonly found among tribal peoples who live in simple and primitive communities
Information kindly donated by Link Ethiopia
FESTIVALS AND EVENTS
The Ethiopians love to celebrate, whether important events in their history, major landmarks in the religious calendar or simply special family days. Best clothes are worn, food and drink are plentiful, musicians play and people dance and sing.
National holidays are held to celebrate the victory over the Italians at Adwa in 1896, the Liberation from the Italian occupation in 1941 and the downfall of the Derg in 1991.
But it is the major Ethiopian Orthodox festivals that represent the people at their most colourful and festive.
Ethiopia Religious Festival Tour Ethiopia Historic Route tour is also designed in such a way to coincides with the colorful Festivals of Meskal, Timkat, Christmas or Axum Tsion. You will enjoy beauty of Ethiopia religious festival celebrations Click to view full itinerary
Ethiopia Meskel Festival Tour Celebrations 16 –29 September 2008. historic sites, wonders and splendors, stunning landscapes, fascinating attractions and colorful festivals will surprise any visitor. The major highlight of this special Ethiopia tour is to attend the celebration of Meskel Festival in Addis Ababa. The tour also includes a visit of Ethiopia Historic Route. Click to view full itinerary
Ethiopia Two major Festivals: Christmas and Timket - Trip Dates 5 - 19 January 2009 The best time to make a holiday to Ethiopia is on the date of its festivals. Book this special tour to attend the celebration of the two major festivals-Christmas in Lalibela and Timket in Addis Ababa. The tour also includes a visit of Ethiopia Historic Route Tigray Rock Churches and Simien Mountain National park.Click to view full itinerary
Ethiopia Timket Festival: Celebrating in Lalibela - Trip Dates 15 - 27 January 2009 The main Highlights of this Ethiopia tour is to visit the celebration of Ethiopian Epiphany- Timket, on 19 January in Lalibela. Lalibela is one of the Holy towns in the country; Timket festival is celebrated so colorfully and differently. It is the best place to attend Timket festival in Ethiopia. The tour also includes a visit of Ethiopia Historic Route. Click to view full itinerary
Meskal is a two-day festival at the end of September celebrating the Finding of the True Cross. Bonfires are lit and singing and dancing take place around them, while the priests don their full ceremonial regalia.
Timkat
Timkat usually falls on the January 19, 12 days after Christmas according to the Julian calendar. Festivities take place the day before as well as the day after. This date varies by a day during leap years. The festival is celebrated throughout the Ethiopian highlands in Orthodox Christian strongholds, but nowhere is it quite as spectacular as in Lalibela, an isolated mountain town in the arid north of the country.
It is a colourful three-day festival celebrating Epiphany and it is marked by the procession of the tabots (the replicas of the Ark of the Covenant, the original of which is said to be in the chapel at Axum) around the towns, draped in heavy embroidered materials. People bathe in the lakes and splash water over onlookers.
After the ceremony, the tabots are taken back to the churches in procession, accompanied by singing, drumming, the ringing of bells and blowing of trumpets. Festivities continue throughout the day and into the night. More religious ceremony takes place the following day, dedicated to the Archangel Mikael, after which the priests are fed by their parishioners and young people continue to celebrate into the night.
Other religious festivals are at Fasika (Easter), Inketatash (the New Year in mid-September) and Genna (Christmas in early January). All the Islamic holidays are also celebrated according to the lunar cycle of shifting dates as in other countries
Information kindly donated by Link Ethiopia
COOKING & RECIPES
Ethiopia's staple grain is called teff, and from its flour the Ethiopians fashion a large pancake-like bread called injera that they place directly on the dining table. Other dishes that make up the meal are portioned onto the injera and diners eat by scooping these portions into rolled-up pieces of the injera that they have torn off.
Thick stews called wats are the most popular dishes and can be made from meat, vegetables, or beans. Stews is enlivened with the spicy mitin shiro, a flavorful combination of ground beans, spices, and chilies used to season many foods.
The last course of a meal is often kitfo, freshly ground raw beef.
Ethiopians brew a barley beer called tella and a honey wine called ej. Small fried cookies known as dabo kolo are a favorite snack
How a Dinner is Served in Ethiopia
Doro Alicha - mild Ethiopian chicken dish
Doro Wat - A spicy Ethiopian chicken dish
Tibs Wet - A very spicy (and fatty!) meat dish from Ethiopia
Injera Bread - A very simple recipe for injera, the pancake-spongy bread that accompanies Ethiopian food.
Spiced butter ((Niter Kebbeh))A recipe for clarified, herbed butter, a basic ingredient in Ethiopian cuisine
Berbere A red-pepper based spice mixture, used in Ethiopian dishes
Ethiopian lentils
Ethiopian Recipes - A number of recipes at this website
MUSIC
Out in the community, musical instruments play a social and entertaining role. The single-stringed masenko is played by minstrels who sing of life around them and invent, calypso-like, topical verses on the spot. The krar is a lyre-like plucked instrument with 5 or 6 strings while the begenna is the portable harp.
Up in the hills can be found boys looking after cattle and sheep and playing on the washint, a simple reed flute played with one hand.
Ethiopian people know and love their folk songs. Singing is high pitched and shrill Sand frequently accompanied by excited ululation, especially at weddings and other joyful occasions.
No joyous occasion ever passes without the Ethiopians indulging in their unique form of dancing. There are many styles according to the part of the country, but they frequently focus on the shoulders which seductively gyrate and undulate in a frenzied display of almost competitive energy. As one dancer runs out of steam, so another enters the fray with renewed vigour
Information kindly donated by Link Ethiopia
Many reggae musicians declare their importance to having some connection to Ethiopian musical origins although the Ethiopian musicians will tell you their music has more in common with Jazz.
Recommended Music
Ethiopian Urban and Tribal Music Vol.1 Soul of Addis - Mahmoud Ahmed Ethiopiques, Vol. 9: Alemayehu Eshete Buy USA - amazon.com Buy UK - amazon.co.uk Buy USA - amazon.com Buy UK - amazon.co.uk Buy USA - amazon.com
See our full selection of Ethiopian Music
Musical Instruments
Stringed instruments like the begena or the krar are harps while another more fiddle-like instrument is known as masenko.
Kebaro Very common in popular and religious music is the kabaro or kebero. When the women and men dance in their beautiful white robes they dance on the rhythm of the drums
ART & CRAFT
A unique feature of Ethiopian culture is its naïve style of painting that is to be found in every church and in many other locations. This style seems to have remained almost unchanged for centuries.
Figures are drawn in two dimensions, almost cartoon-like in their direct and simplistic portrayal, with strong colours and clear lines. The almond-shaped eyes are a particularly appealing characteristic.
Church painting in Ethiopia serves a very real purpose, with all the biblical and more localised religious stories being portrayed clearly and simply to inform uneducated people of their traditions and their heritage. European medieval imagery is a clear comparison here.
One modern name is clearly prominent in the world of Ethiopian painting today. Afework Tekle has an international reputation as an artist of immense standing. His works, though clearly based in an Ethiopian tradition, have a new and creative dynamism that is immediately of universal appeal. His vibrant paintings, many of them on very large canvases, are to be seen throughout Ethiopia in museums and galleries as well as on postage stamps and postcards
Information kindly donated by Link Ethiopia Nam
FROM: MOTHER LAND ... TO: MOTHER COUNTRY
Africa: The birthplace of humanity
Web www.school-info4u.com Google Search
Africa is the birthplace of humanity and at school-info4u.com we promote the fact that all family trees lead to Africa, the motherland.
The maternal ancestor of every human being on earth is an African woman who lived 200,000 years ago.
This is a scientific fact, but the legacy of slavery has kept us from discovering our true history, identity, and cultural traditions. It has also prevented us from uniting as a people.
Africa is such an interesting paradise to explore. It has many vibrant cultures and a rich history. The sight of all the clean, un-spoilt beaches and the mind-blowing landscapes will amaze you.
The waterfalls are magnificent and the people are so hospitable. A trip to the motherland will help your child to understand Africa.
Visiting the African motherland
There are 54 African countries to experience; if you are unsure where to go you can start with the west coast:
Nigeria
Ghana
Gambia
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Tunisia
Ivory Coast
Morocco
Mali
Algeria.
You will have a wide variety of African holiday packages to choose from:
African cultural/heritage holiday package
This kind of holiday package will coincide with many cultural West African festivals; some of these are listed below:
Ghana
Aboakyir festival- May each year.
Panafest- July/August.
The Homowo Festival- August/September.
The Hogbetsotso Festival- 1st Saturday of November every year.
Ivory Coast
Bouake Carnival- 1 week long- towards end March- April.
Fêtes des Masques- Festival of Masks-November.
Fête du Dipri- April.
Mali
Crossing of the cattle - December.
Music Festival- January.
Fête des Masques- April.
Festival on the Niger- February.
Nigeria
Durbar Festival –November.
New Yam festival- August.
Arugungu Fishing Festival- Februaruy/March.
Morrocco
Mousseum of Sidi Mohammed Ma al-Ainin- May.
Date festival- in honour of the desert fruit- October.
Camel festival- July.
National festival of popular arts- 2 weeks long- June.
Fete du throne- 3rd March.
The Marrakesh film festival- Date changes every year.
Independence Day- 18 November.
Tunisia
Festival of the Sahara- December.
Festival of the Sparrow Hawk- May.
International Festival of Carthage-July/August.
International Festival of Jazz- June/July.
International Festival of Dougga- July/August.
International Festival of Testour-July.
* Please check with your tour operator for the exact date of festivals before you book your holiday.
Back to top
African leisure holiday package
You will be able to relax and enjoy yourself in the refreshing atmosphere and take advantage of the many activities available. These include:
Historical tours.
Wildlife safari tours.
Water sports.
Boat cruises.
Shopping tours.
Entertainment and eating out.
Events and Festivals.
African restaurants
African food is simply delicious and very reasonably priced.There are lots of grilled chicken and suya spots and many outdoor restaurants too, some overlooking the rivers and sea.
Nigerian restaurants often provide live African music for their guests and the atmosphere is very warm. African art may be on sale in selective restaurants as well.
African food
You can find out so much about African culture by eating out and enjoying the tasty and healthy food on offer.
Some African foods:
Jollof rice, kenkey, pepper soup, moi-moi, banku, fufu, kelewele, tola, fried plantain, ogbono Soup, peanut soup, ukazi soup, pounded yam, palava sauce, spicy oxtail, yam, bitter leaf, fried fish, couscous, bitter leaf, black-eyed peas, chicken yassa, palm butter stew, several goat meat selections, eba, gari, okra soup, egusi soup, potato leaf, crain-crain, cassava leaf stew etc
Back to top
African markets
African markets are always bustling with activity and you can buy things like natural foods, spices and seasonings, clothes, books,jewellery, CD’s, DVD films and African masks.
African hotels
If you're on a limited budget there are some very nice, cheap hotels in Africa. Take your time to choose the right hotel as this can make the difference between a great trip and a not so great trip.
There are a number of travel sites on the Internet and you will be able to browse according to the country you are visiting and the number of rooms you require, the facilities and price that you can afford.
African hotels are given a star rating and you will be able to look at photographs of the hotel and rooms, as well as read some customer reviews by people that have already stayed there.
A visit to the motherland will give you and your child the opportunity to get a REAL look into life in modern Africa.
You will see that Africa isn’t anything like it’s often portrayed in the media.
Back to top
Authentic African Caribbean Recipes
”The Motherland" by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1883), a view of the home country as a benign mother
A homeland (rel. country of origin and native land) is the concept of the place (cultural geography) to which an ethnic group holds a long history and a deep cultural association with —the country in which a particular national identity began. As a common noun, it simply connotes the country of one's origin. When used as a proper noun, the word, as well as its cognates in other languages (i.e. Heimatland in German) often have ethnic nationalist connotations. A homeland may also be referredto as a fatherland, a motherland, or a mother country, depending on the culture and language of the nationality in question.
Hide Patria
Further information: Patriotism
Patria remains the common term for "homeland, native land" in many languages, based on the Greek πατρίδα (patrída) "native / ancestral land". Hence also the English terms patriot, patriotism.
↑Jump back a section
Hide Motherland
For the film, see Motherland (film). Further information: Mother Earth and Metropolis
Motherland may refer to a mother country, i.e. the place of one's birth, the place of origin of an ethnic group or immigrant, or a Metropole in contrast to its colonies. People from Australia and former British colonies would sometimes describe the United Kingdom as the "Mother Country", often carryinga strong British Imperialist connotation, and not always in a flattering manner.
Russians commonly refer to Mother Russia as a personification of their nation. Many Russians around the world refer to Russia as their motherland.
The French commonly refer to "la mère Patrie" as France and a ready to die for her; the Italians too commonly refer to "la Madrepatria" as Italy, but currently without any ideological meaning.
Hindi, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Nepali, Marathi and Sanskrit have mātrubhūmi (Devanagari: ), literally "Mother-Earth".
Chinese 祖国 (simplified Chinese), 祖國 (traditional Chinese) (pinyin: zǔguó) literally means "ancestral land" and not necessarily "motherland" or "fatherland." However, in English this is almost exclusively translated as "motherland." In Taiwan, the term 母國 (literally "motherland") is also used, though that may be due to Japanese or Western influence.
Among African Americans it is common to refer to the continent of Africa as the Motherland.
Ethiopians also refer their country as Motherland( )in their national Anthem.
Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790) The Mother Country
A SONG
We have an old Mother that peevish is grown, She snubs us like Children that scarce walk alone; She forgets we're grown up and have Sense of our own; Which nobody can deny, deny, Which no body can deny.
If we don't obey Orders, whatever the Case; She frowns, and she chides, and she loses all Patience, and sometimes she hits us a Slap in the Face, Which nobody can deny, &c.;
Her Orders so odd are, we often suspect That Age has impaired her sound Intellect: But still an old Mother should have due Respect, Which nobody can deny, &c.;
Let's bear with her Humours as well as we can: But why should we bear the Abuse of her Man? When Servants make Mischief, they earn the Rattan, Which nobody should deny, &c.;
Know too, ye bad Neighbours, who aim to divide The Sons from the Mother, that still she's our Pride; And if ye attack her we're all of her side, Which nobody can deny, &c.;
We'll join in her Lawsuits, to baffle all those, Who, to get what she has, will be often her Foes: For we know it must all be our own, when she goes, Which nobody can deny, deny, Which nobody can deny.
c. 1765
Web www.school-info4u.com Google Search
Africa is the birthplace of humanity and at school-info4u.com we promote the fact that all family trees lead to Africa, the motherland.
The maternal ancestor of every human being on earth is an African woman who lived 200,000 years ago.
This is a scientific fact, but the legacy of slavery has kept us from discovering our true history, identity, and cultural traditions. It has also prevented us from uniting as a people.
Africa is such an interesting paradise to explore. It has many vibrant cultures and a rich history. The sight of all the clean, un-spoilt beaches and the mind-blowing landscapes will amaze you.
The waterfalls are magnificent and the people are so hospitable. A trip to the motherland will help your child to understand Africa.
Visiting the African motherland
There are 54 African countries to experience; if you are unsure where to go you can start with the west coast:
Nigeria
Ghana
Gambia
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Tunisia
Ivory Coast
Morocco
Mali
Algeria.
You will have a wide variety of African holiday packages to choose from:
African cultural/heritage holiday package
This kind of holiday package will coincide with many cultural West African festivals; some of these are listed below:
Ghana
Aboakyir festival- May each year.
Panafest- July/August.
The Homowo Festival- August/September.
The Hogbetsotso Festival- 1st Saturday of November every year.
Ivory Coast
Bouake Carnival- 1 week long- towards end March- April.
Fêtes des Masques- Festival of Masks-November.
Fête du Dipri- April.
Mali
Crossing of the cattle - December.
Music Festival- January.
Fête des Masques- April.
Festival on the Niger- February.
Nigeria
Durbar Festival –November.
New Yam festival- August.
Arugungu Fishing Festival- Februaruy/March.
Morrocco
Mousseum of Sidi Mohammed Ma al-Ainin- May.
Date festival- in honour of the desert fruit- October.
Camel festival- July.
National festival of popular arts- 2 weeks long- June.
Fete du throne- 3rd March.
The Marrakesh film festival- Date changes every year.
Independence Day- 18 November.
Tunisia
Festival of the Sahara- December.
Festival of the Sparrow Hawk- May.
International Festival of Carthage-July/August.
International Festival of Jazz- June/July.
International Festival of Dougga- July/August.
International Festival of Testour-July.
* Please check with your tour operator for the exact date of festivals before you book your holiday.
Back to top
African leisure holiday package
You will be able to relax and enjoy yourself in the refreshing atmosphere and take advantage of the many activities available. These include:
Historical tours.
Wildlife safari tours.
Water sports.
Boat cruises.
Shopping tours.
Entertainment and eating out.
Events and Festivals.
African restaurants
African food is simply delicious and very reasonably priced.There are lots of grilled chicken and suya spots and many outdoor restaurants too, some overlooking the rivers and sea.
Nigerian restaurants often provide live African music for their guests and the atmosphere is very warm. African art may be on sale in selective restaurants as well.
African food
You can find out so much about African culture by eating out and enjoying the tasty and healthy food on offer.
Some African foods:
Jollof rice, kenkey, pepper soup, moi-moi, banku, fufu, kelewele, tola, fried plantain, ogbono Soup, peanut soup, ukazi soup, pounded yam, palava sauce, spicy oxtail, yam, bitter leaf, fried fish, couscous, bitter leaf, black-eyed peas, chicken yassa, palm butter stew, several goat meat selections, eba, gari, okra soup, egusi soup, potato leaf, crain-crain, cassava leaf stew etc
Back to top
African markets
African markets are always bustling with activity and you can buy things like natural foods, spices and seasonings, clothes, books,jewellery, CD’s, DVD films and African masks.
African hotels
If you're on a limited budget there are some very nice, cheap hotels in Africa. Take your time to choose the right hotel as this can make the difference between a great trip and a not so great trip.
There are a number of travel sites on the Internet and you will be able to browse according to the country you are visiting and the number of rooms you require, the facilities and price that you can afford.
African hotels are given a star rating and you will be able to look at photographs of the hotel and rooms, as well as read some customer reviews by people that have already stayed there.
A visit to the motherland will give you and your child the opportunity to get a REAL look into life in modern Africa.
You will see that Africa isn’t anything like it’s often portrayed in the media.
Back to top
Authentic African Caribbean Recipes
”The Motherland" by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1883), a view of the home country as a benign mother
A homeland (rel. country of origin and native land) is the concept of the place (cultural geography) to which an ethnic group holds a long history and a deep cultural association with —the country in which a particular national identity began. As a common noun, it simply connotes the country of one's origin. When used as a proper noun, the word, as well as its cognates in other languages (i.e. Heimatland in German) often have ethnic nationalist connotations. A homeland may also be referredto as a fatherland, a motherland, or a mother country, depending on the culture and language of the nationality in question.
Hide Patria
Further information: Patriotism
Patria remains the common term for "homeland, native land" in many languages, based on the Greek πατρίδα (patrída) "native / ancestral land". Hence also the English terms patriot, patriotism.
↑Jump back a section
Hide Motherland
For the film, see Motherland (film). Further information: Mother Earth and Metropolis
Motherland may refer to a mother country, i.e. the place of one's birth, the place of origin of an ethnic group or immigrant, or a Metropole in contrast to its colonies. People from Australia and former British colonies would sometimes describe the United Kingdom as the "Mother Country", often carryinga strong British Imperialist connotation, and not always in a flattering manner.
Russians commonly refer to Mother Russia as a personification of their nation. Many Russians around the world refer to Russia as their motherland.
The French commonly refer to "la mère Patrie" as France and a ready to die for her; the Italians too commonly refer to "la Madrepatria" as Italy, but currently without any ideological meaning.
Hindi, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Nepali, Marathi and Sanskrit have mātrubhūmi (Devanagari: ), literally "Mother-Earth".
Chinese 祖国 (simplified Chinese), 祖國 (traditional Chinese) (pinyin: zǔguó) literally means "ancestral land" and not necessarily "motherland" or "fatherland." However, in English this is almost exclusively translated as "motherland." In Taiwan, the term 母國 (literally "motherland") is also used, though that may be due to Japanese or Western influence.
Among African Americans it is common to refer to the continent of Africa as the Motherland.
Ethiopians also refer their country as Motherland( )in their national Anthem.
Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790) The Mother Country
A SONG
We have an old Mother that peevish is grown, She snubs us like Children that scarce walk alone; She forgets we're grown up and have Sense of our own; Which nobody can deny, deny, Which no body can deny.
If we don't obey Orders, whatever the Case; She frowns, and she chides, and she loses all Patience, and sometimes she hits us a Slap in the Face, Which nobody can deny, &c.;
Her Orders so odd are, we often suspect That Age has impaired her sound Intellect: But still an old Mother should have due Respect, Which nobody can deny, &c.;
Let's bear with her Humours as well as we can: But why should we bear the Abuse of her Man? When Servants make Mischief, they earn the Rattan, Which nobody should deny, &c.;
Know too, ye bad Neighbours, who aim to divide The Sons from the Mother, that still she's our Pride; And if ye attack her we're all of her side, Which nobody can deny, &c.;
We'll join in her Lawsuits, to baffle all those, Who, to get what she has, will be often her Foes: For we know it must all be our own, when she goes, Which nobody can deny, deny, Which nobody can deny.
c. 1765
DIVIDED from the beginning of WAR
The Writings of Benjamin Franklin: London, 1757 - 1775 Volume I BOSTON & LONDON 1722-1726
Volume II PHILADELPHIA 1726-1757
Volume III LONDON 1757-1775
Volume IV PARIS 1776-1785
Volume V PHILADELPHIA 1785-1790
A Brief History of the American Two Party System
Following the publication of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and before the successful resolution of the War for Independence (1783), the American colonies decided it would be best to "confederate," at least for the purposes of entering into strategic alliances with European powers and perhaps waging war again with the mother country. This gave the U.S. the Articles of Confederation (1781), the first constitution of the "United States.” But the Articles were soon deemed inadequate and another Constitutional Convention was called (1787) which resulted in the U.S. Constitution (1789). But not without a fight. The “Federalists” were of course instrumental in the movement for the new U.S. Constitution and for a stronger Federal role. The so-called Anti-Federalists were concerned that this new Federal government might over-power the states' sovereignties and abridge individual citizens' rights (most states had a long and proud history of individual rights). The passage of the Bill of Rights, as a permanent limit to the powers of the Federal government, answered much of that argument. Nonetheless, the struggle between a strong Federal government and state sovereignties has been an important thread in the play of our two-party system from the very beginning.
From that beginning in 1789, the U.S. didn't have a two-party system; it had George Washington, a President without a party. During his two terms, a rivalry grew between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both Federalists. Jefferson challenged Adams under the banner of the Democratic-Republican party. Interesting that this first real party, alone, should contain the nominal seeds of the present two-party system. The word Democratic implies will of the people, the word Republican implies rule of law (protection from a potential tyranny of the majority). The (mostly aristocratic and Virginian) Democratic-Republicans kept the Presidency from 1800 through 1828.
In 1828, the popular war-hero Andrew Jackson became the first President from a new party, the Democrats, the true party “of the people." With the exception of one term when the Whigs (a party whose name more clearly identified itself as the party of privilege than the Democratic-Republicans whom they replaced) won the Presidency, the Democrats held the White House until 1860.
The Northern Abolitionist Movement gave birth to a new party (1856), the Republicans. Abraham Lincoln was their first successful candidate for President (1860). The Northern, anti-slavery and pro-business Republicans held the White House thru 1912, with the exception of the Democrat Grover Cleveland's two non-consecutive terms. 1864 really marks the beginning of the two-party system of Democrats and Republicans. From the beginning, the Republicans have been Northern and pro-business, the Democrats Southern and more populist. Woodrow Wilson was the only other Democratic President besides Cleveland before the Great Depression. So, for all intents and purposes, the Republicans held Presidential power for 72 years but for 16 Democratic years.
The Great Depression (1929 and forward) changed all that. As business had so completely failed the people, the party of the people, the Democrats, under Franklin Roosevelt, won the support of the majority of the voters. Indeed, they kept power through 1968 except for the two terms of Dwight Eisenhower, who won his elections not for his politics but for his stature as a war-hero. Pretty much the Democrats (FDR, JFK, LBJ) successfully defined themselves as the party of the people, of the poor and middle class, and of the large and growing labor movement. The Republicans were pretty much forced to redefine themselves, not as the party of privilege but as the party of individual and states’ rights, and of tax cuts and reduced government spending. But this didn't win them elections (nor did it represent their real values). Most Americans since FDR have identified themselves as Democrats,a natural thing as most Americans are not wealthy. Ever since 1932, the Republicans have only won the Presidency when their candidate was more personable and more “Presidential,” not because of his positions on the issues. Poll after poll for the last 70 years show Americans identify with Democratic positions even when they elect a Republican. TV has been a potent force in this phenomenon, as has the increasing role of religion and ignorance in the American political scene.
The nature of the parties' differences has altered dramatically, if not fundamentally, since 1864. The initial differences were over slavery and industrialism and the dominance of the South (poorer and less populous) by the North. The differences in the 1890's, following a Depression, were over a Gold standard and whether debts were to be repaid by cheaper or more dear money. In the 1910's, party differences centered around isolationism and fighting World War I. In the 1930's, again following the start of a Depression, the Democrats became the party of the people and of the Labor Movement while the Republicans were seen as the party of the Wealthy.
Since Franklin D. Roosevelt, then, the parties have divided the electorate, for better or for worse, along economic class lines. How then, you ask, have the Republicans been able to win any national elections at all, as they are the party of the Sheriff of Nottingham, not the party of Robin Hood? The reason is not hard to see. First, the Christian Right has delivered tens of millions of votes to the Republicans every year, as it has served the interests of dozens of Pentecostal movements to be on the side of Wealth and their followers have, of course, followed them. And the poor, who are somewhat often under-educated, are sometimes easily swayed to vote against their own interests.
Ever since the debacle of Vietnam divided the nation, Democrats have lost their moorings, their identification with the poor and the unprivileged. Nowhere is this more clear than in Al Gore's mention of "hard-working middle-class families," never once uttering the word “poor.” And Clinton himself never pretended to be "that kind" of Democrat.
So, as Democrats move more and more to the political Right, sparring with Republicans over who is more for tax cuts in a time of gargantuan Federal and state deficits, now may be the time for the emergence of a third-party, representing the interests of the poor and increasingly disenfranchised middle-class, reducing the debt, making the tax structure more equitable and listening to science, Cassandra-like, warn us of planetary catastrophe
Volume II PHILADELPHIA 1726-1757
Volume III LONDON 1757-1775
Volume IV PARIS 1776-1785
Volume V PHILADELPHIA 1785-1790
A Brief History of the American Two Party System
Following the publication of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and before the successful resolution of the War for Independence (1783), the American colonies decided it would be best to "confederate," at least for the purposes of entering into strategic alliances with European powers and perhaps waging war again with the mother country. This gave the U.S. the Articles of Confederation (1781), the first constitution of the "United States.” But the Articles were soon deemed inadequate and another Constitutional Convention was called (1787) which resulted in the U.S. Constitution (1789). But not without a fight. The “Federalists” were of course instrumental in the movement for the new U.S. Constitution and for a stronger Federal role. The so-called Anti-Federalists were concerned that this new Federal government might over-power the states' sovereignties and abridge individual citizens' rights (most states had a long and proud history of individual rights). The passage of the Bill of Rights, as a permanent limit to the powers of the Federal government, answered much of that argument. Nonetheless, the struggle between a strong Federal government and state sovereignties has been an important thread in the play of our two-party system from the very beginning.
From that beginning in 1789, the U.S. didn't have a two-party system; it had George Washington, a President without a party. During his two terms, a rivalry grew between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both Federalists. Jefferson challenged Adams under the banner of the Democratic-Republican party. Interesting that this first real party, alone, should contain the nominal seeds of the present two-party system. The word Democratic implies will of the people, the word Republican implies rule of law (protection from a potential tyranny of the majority). The (mostly aristocratic and Virginian) Democratic-Republicans kept the Presidency from 1800 through 1828.
In 1828, the popular war-hero Andrew Jackson became the first President from a new party, the Democrats, the true party “of the people." With the exception of one term when the Whigs (a party whose name more clearly identified itself as the party of privilege than the Democratic-Republicans whom they replaced) won the Presidency, the Democrats held the White House until 1860.
The Northern Abolitionist Movement gave birth to a new party (1856), the Republicans. Abraham Lincoln was their first successful candidate for President (1860). The Northern, anti-slavery and pro-business Republicans held the White House thru 1912, with the exception of the Democrat Grover Cleveland's two non-consecutive terms. 1864 really marks the beginning of the two-party system of Democrats and Republicans. From the beginning, the Republicans have been Northern and pro-business, the Democrats Southern and more populist. Woodrow Wilson was the only other Democratic President besides Cleveland before the Great Depression. So, for all intents and purposes, the Republicans held Presidential power for 72 years but for 16 Democratic years.
The Great Depression (1929 and forward) changed all that. As business had so completely failed the people, the party of the people, the Democrats, under Franklin Roosevelt, won the support of the majority of the voters. Indeed, they kept power through 1968 except for the two terms of Dwight Eisenhower, who won his elections not for his politics but for his stature as a war-hero. Pretty much the Democrats (FDR, JFK, LBJ) successfully defined themselves as the party of the people, of the poor and middle class, and of the large and growing labor movement. The Republicans were pretty much forced to redefine themselves, not as the party of privilege but as the party of individual and states’ rights, and of tax cuts and reduced government spending. But this didn't win them elections (nor did it represent their real values). Most Americans since FDR have identified themselves as Democrats,a natural thing as most Americans are not wealthy. Ever since 1932, the Republicans have only won the Presidency when their candidate was more personable and more “Presidential,” not because of his positions on the issues. Poll after poll for the last 70 years show Americans identify with Democratic positions even when they elect a Republican. TV has been a potent force in this phenomenon, as has the increasing role of religion and ignorance in the American political scene.
The nature of the parties' differences has altered dramatically, if not fundamentally, since 1864. The initial differences were over slavery and industrialism and the dominance of the South (poorer and less populous) by the North. The differences in the 1890's, following a Depression, were over a Gold standard and whether debts were to be repaid by cheaper or more dear money. In the 1910's, party differences centered around isolationism and fighting World War I. In the 1930's, again following the start of a Depression, the Democrats became the party of the people and of the Labor Movement while the Republicans were seen as the party of the Wealthy.
Since Franklin D. Roosevelt, then, the parties have divided the electorate, for better or for worse, along economic class lines. How then, you ask, have the Republicans been able to win any national elections at all, as they are the party of the Sheriff of Nottingham, not the party of Robin Hood? The reason is not hard to see. First, the Christian Right has delivered tens of millions of votes to the Republicans every year, as it has served the interests of dozens of Pentecostal movements to be on the side of Wealth and their followers have, of course, followed them. And the poor, who are somewhat often under-educated, are sometimes easily swayed to vote against their own interests.
Ever since the debacle of Vietnam divided the nation, Democrats have lost their moorings, their identification with the poor and the unprivileged. Nowhere is this more clear than in Al Gore's mention of "hard-working middle-class families," never once uttering the word “poor.” And Clinton himself never pretended to be "that kind" of Democrat.
So, as Democrats move more and more to the political Right, sparring with Republicans over who is more for tax cuts in a time of gargantuan Federal and state deficits, now may be the time for the emergence of a third-party, representing the interests of the poor and increasingly disenfranchised middle-class, reducing the debt, making the tax structure more equitable and listening to science, Cassandra-like, warn us of planetary catastrophe
PEOPLE v/s PEOPLE ... WATERS divided WATERS .... GOOD v/s EVIL ... CONTROLLED BY BOTH GOV. PARTIES ... WORLD WIDE
World Scripture
GOOD AND EVIL
How can we define what is good and what is evil? Are there universal indicators behind, within, or consequent upon an action by which one can determine whether it was a good or an evil act? How can one tell whether a person is good or evil? The scriptures of the world's religions provide a variety of answers to these questions.
The first group of passages define good and evil by their fruits. A good person or a good deed bears good fruits; and an evil person or an evil deed produces evil fruits. From the fruits, the person's heart and sincerity can be known. Among the good fruits, of special importance for their traditions are the Confucian Five Happinesses and the Christian Fruits of the Spirit.
Second are passages which define good and evil by purpose and intention. Purpose may mean to follow an objective standard: the Dhamma or the will of God or Way of Heaven. Or, intention may be known inwardly and intuitively. Defining good and evil by purpose or intention permits one to know good or evil even when the result is not visible. But since intention is often hidden, it may have to be brought to light by testing, as in the final selections.
You will know them by their fruits. Are grapes gathered from thorns, or figs from thistles? So, every sound tree bears good fruit, but the bad tree bears evil fruit. A sound tree cannot bear evil fruit, nor can a bad tree bear good fruit. Every tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire. Thus you will know them by their fruits.
1. Christianity. Matthew 7.16-20
If you, Rahula, are desirous of doing a deed with the body, you should reflect on that deed of your body, thus: "That deed that I am desirous of doing with the body is a deed of my body that might conduce to the harm of self and that might conduce to the harm of others and that might conduce to the harm of both; this deed of body is unskilled, its yield is anguish, its result is anguish." If you, Rahula, reflecting thus, should find it so, a deed of body like this, Rahula, is certainly not to be done by you.
2. Buddhism. Majjhima Nikaya i.415, Ambalatthika-Rahulovada Sutta
The five sources of happiness: the first is long life; the second, riches; the third soundness of body and serenity of mind; the fourth, love of virtue; the fifth is an end crowning the life. Of the six extreme evils, the first is misfortune shortening the life; the second, sickness; the third, distress of mind; the fourth, poverty; the fifth, wickedness; the sixth, weakness.
3. Confucianism. Book of History 5.4.9
Now the works of the flesh are plain: fornication, impurity, licentiousness, idolatry, sorcery, enmity, strife, jealousy, anger, selfishness, dissension, party spirit, envy, drunkenness, carousing, and the like. I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God. But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; against such there is no law.
4. Christianity. Galatians 5.19-23
God's messenger said, "Do you know the thing which most commonly brings people into Paradise? It is fear to God and good character. Do you know what most commonly brings people into hell?It is the two hollow things: the mouth and the private parts."
5. Islam. Hadith of Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah
Hear and understand: not what goes into the mouth defiles a man, but what comes out of the mouth, this defiles a man.... Do you not see that whatever goes into the mouth passes into the stomach, and so passes on? But what comes out of the mouth proceeds from the heart, and this defiles a man. For out of the heart come evil thoughts, murder, adultery, fornication, theft, false witness, slander. These are what defile a man.
6. Christianity. Matthew 15.11-20
How can activity be good or wicked? That which is performed with good intention is good; and that which is performed with evil intention is wicked.... That which purifies the soul or by which the soul is purified, is merit--producing a happy feeling. That which keeps the soul away from good is demerit--producing an unhappy feeling.
7. Jainism. Pujyapada, Sarvarthasiddhi 6.3
Is there a "righteous man" who is good and a righteous man who is not good?He who is good to Heaven and good to man, he is a righteous man who is good; good to Heaven but not good to man, that is a righteous man who is evil... But a wicked man who is evil to Heaven and evil to man, he is a wicked man who is evil; he who is evil to Heaven but not evil to man, that is a wicked man who is not evil.
8. Judaism. Talmud, Kiddushin 40a
"All who commit crimes, robbing, stealing, practicing villainy and treachery, and who kill men or violently assault them to take their property, being reckless and fearless of death--these are abhorred by all." The king says, "O Feng, such great criminals are greatly abhorred, and how much more detestable are the unfilial and unbrotherly--as the son who does not reverently discharge his duty to his father, but greatly wounds his father's heart, and the father who can no longer love his son, but hates him; as the younger brother who does not think of the manifest will of Heaven, and refuses to respect his elder brother, and the elder brother who does not think of the toil of their parents in bringing up their children, and is very unfriendly to his junior. If we who are charged with government do not treat parties who proceed to such wickedness as offenders, the laws of our nature given by Heaven to our people will be thrown into great disorder and destroyed. You must resolve to deal speedily with such according to the penal laws of King Wen, punishing them severely and not pardoning."
9. Confucianism. Book of History 5.9
Whosoever seeks, by whatever means, merely the happiness of cyclic existence for personal ends, he is to be understood as a mean person.
Whosoever reverses deeds done from base motives and turns back the happiness of worldly pleasures for the sake of his own liberation, that person is called middling.
Whosoever wishes to eliminate completely the sufferings of others through his own sufferings, that is the excellent person.
10. Buddhism. Bodhipathapradipa
God's definition of goodness is total giving, total service, and absolute unselfishness. We are to live for others. You live for others and others live for you. God lives for man and man lives for God. The husband lives for his wife and the wife lives for her husband. This is goodness. And here unity, harmony, and prosperity abound.
Evil is the emergence of selfishness into this world. God's principle of unselfish giving was twisted into an ungodly principle of selfish taking. The ungodly position of desiring to be served rather than to serve was thereby established. The origin of evil is Satan. He was in the position to serve God, but instead he posed as another god and subjugated man for his own benefit.... His motivation was selfishness. Out of his selfishness comes the origin of evil and sin.
11. Unification Church. Sun Myung Moon, 10-20-73
Evil and good are not equal, even though the abundance of evil may amaze you; so heed God, you men of wits, so that you may prosper!
12. Islam. Qur'an 5.100
Easily known is the progressive one; easily known the one who declines. He who loves Dhamma progresses, he who hates it declines.
13. Buddhism. Sutta Nipata 92
The things which men greatly desire are comprehended in meat and drink and sexual pleasure; those which they greatly dislike are comprehended in death, exile, poverty, and suffering. Thus liking and disliking are the great elements in men's minds. But men keep them hidden in their minds, where they cannot be fathomed or measured. The good and the bad of them being in their minds, and no outward manifestation of them being visible, if it be wished to determine these qualities in one uniform way, how can it be done without the use of the rules of propriety?
14. Confucianism. Book of Ritual 7.2.20
The Master said, "The true gentleman is easy to serve, yet difficult to please. For if you try to please him in any manner inconsistent with the Way, he refuses to be pleased; but in using the services of others he only expects of them what they are capable of performing. Common people are difficult to serve, but easy to please. Even though you try to please them in a manner inconsistent with the Way, they will still be pleased; but in using the services of others they expect them [irrespective of their capacities] to do any work that comes along."
15. Confucianism. Analects 13.25
That again which is virtue may, according to time and place, be sin. Thus appropriation of what belongs to others, untruth, and injury and killing, may, under special circumstances, become virtue.
Acts that are apparently evil, when undertaken from considerations connected with the gods, the scriptures, life itself, and the means by which life is sustained, produce consequences that are good.
16. Hinduism. Mahabharata, Shanti Parva 37.11, 14
No creature shall be harmed for one's own sake, one's own enjoyment. All depends upon the purpose; not even a blade of grass shall be cut without a worthy purpose. What is called sin becomes a merit if it is done for a higher purpose, even as what is considered uplifting becomes a force for binding if done in disregard of the higher Truth. Rightly used, rightly directed, the very means of fall become the means for rise....
[In Tantric ritual] wine is not to be taken as wine nor flesh as flesh; nor is it permissible to partake in the ceremonies as a mere human animal ridden with greed and desire. The wine is the Shakti, the Divine Energy; flesh is the Shiva, the Divine Substance, and he who partakes is none other than Bhairava himself, the Divine Enjoyer. The bliss that arises when all these three are fused in the consciousness of the worshipper is real Release. Bliss is the intimate form of Brahman and it is there installed in each individual body; wine brings out, releases into manifestation this indwelling Bliss... and awakens the sense of godhood which unties the knots of life. To be otherwise, to do otherwise, is simply to be drunk.
17. Hinduism. Kularnava Tantra 5
And verily We shall try you until We know those of you who really strive and are steadfast, and until We test your record.
18. Islam. Qur'an 47.31
Once there lived a housewife named Vedehika who had a reputation for gentleness, modesty, and courtesy. She had a housemaid named Kali who was efficient and industrious and who managed her work well. Then it occurred to Kali the housemaid, "My mistress has a very good reputation; I wonder whether she is good by nature, or is good because my work, being well-managed, makes her surroundings pleasant. What if I were to test my mistress?"
The following morning Kali got up late. Then Vedehika shouted at her maid, "Hey, Kali!" "Yes, madam?" "Hey, what makes you get up late?" "Nothing in particular, madam." "Nothing in particular, eh, naughty maid, and you get up late?" And being angry and offended, she frowned.
Then it occurred to Kali, "Apparently, my mistress does have a temper inwardly, though she does not show it because my work is well-managed. What if I were to test her further?" Then she got up later. Thereupon Vedehika shouted at her maid, "Hey, Kali, why do you get up late?" "No particular reason, madam." "No particular reason, eh, and you are up late?" she angrily hurled at her words of indignation.
Then it occurred to Kali, "Apparently, my mistress does have a temper inwardly, though she does not show it because my work is well-managed. What if I were to test her still further?" She got up still later. Thereupon Vedehika shouted at her, "Hey, Kali, why do you get up late?" and she angrily took up the bolt of the door-bar and hit her on the head, cutting it. Thereupon Kali, with cut head and blood trickling down, denounced her mistress before the neighbors, saying, "Madam, look at the work of the gentle lady, madam, look at the action of the modest lady, madam, look at the action of the quiet lady. Why must she get angry and offended because I got up late and hit me, her only maid, cutting me on the head?" Thus the housewife lost her good reputation.
Analogously, brethren, a person here happens to be very gentle, very humble, and very quiet as long as unpleasant things do not touch him. It is only when unpleasant things happen to a person that it is known whether he is truly gentle, humble, and quiet.
19. Buddhism. Majjhima Nikaya i.123-24, Kakucapama Sutta
GOOD AND EVIL
How can we define what is good and what is evil? Are there universal indicators behind, within, or consequent upon an action by which one can determine whether it was a good or an evil act? How can one tell whether a person is good or evil? The scriptures of the world's religions provide a variety of answers to these questions.
The first group of passages define good and evil by their fruits. A good person or a good deed bears good fruits; and an evil person or an evil deed produces evil fruits. From the fruits, the person's heart and sincerity can be known. Among the good fruits, of special importance for their traditions are the Confucian Five Happinesses and the Christian Fruits of the Spirit.
Second are passages which define good and evil by purpose and intention. Purpose may mean to follow an objective standard: the Dhamma or the will of God or Way of Heaven. Or, intention may be known inwardly and intuitively. Defining good and evil by purpose or intention permits one to know good or evil even when the result is not visible. But since intention is often hidden, it may have to be brought to light by testing, as in the final selections.
You will know them by their fruits. Are grapes gathered from thorns, or figs from thistles? So, every sound tree bears good fruit, but the bad tree bears evil fruit. A sound tree cannot bear evil fruit, nor can a bad tree bear good fruit. Every tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire. Thus you will know them by their fruits.
1. Christianity. Matthew 7.16-20
If you, Rahula, are desirous of doing a deed with the body, you should reflect on that deed of your body, thus: "That deed that I am desirous of doing with the body is a deed of my body that might conduce to the harm of self and that might conduce to the harm of others and that might conduce to the harm of both; this deed of body is unskilled, its yield is anguish, its result is anguish." If you, Rahula, reflecting thus, should find it so, a deed of body like this, Rahula, is certainly not to be done by you.
2. Buddhism. Majjhima Nikaya i.415, Ambalatthika-Rahulovada Sutta
The five sources of happiness: the first is long life; the second, riches; the third soundness of body and serenity of mind; the fourth, love of virtue; the fifth is an end crowning the life. Of the six extreme evils, the first is misfortune shortening the life; the second, sickness; the third, distress of mind; the fourth, poverty; the fifth, wickedness; the sixth, weakness.
3. Confucianism. Book of History 5.4.9
Now the works of the flesh are plain: fornication, impurity, licentiousness, idolatry, sorcery, enmity, strife, jealousy, anger, selfishness, dissension, party spirit, envy, drunkenness, carousing, and the like. I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God. But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; against such there is no law.
4. Christianity. Galatians 5.19-23
God's messenger said, "Do you know the thing which most commonly brings people into Paradise? It is fear to God and good character. Do you know what most commonly brings people into hell?It is the two hollow things: the mouth and the private parts."
5. Islam. Hadith of Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah
Hear and understand: not what goes into the mouth defiles a man, but what comes out of the mouth, this defiles a man.... Do you not see that whatever goes into the mouth passes into the stomach, and so passes on? But what comes out of the mouth proceeds from the heart, and this defiles a man. For out of the heart come evil thoughts, murder, adultery, fornication, theft, false witness, slander. These are what defile a man.
6. Christianity. Matthew 15.11-20
How can activity be good or wicked? That which is performed with good intention is good; and that which is performed with evil intention is wicked.... That which purifies the soul or by which the soul is purified, is merit--producing a happy feeling. That which keeps the soul away from good is demerit--producing an unhappy feeling.
7. Jainism. Pujyapada, Sarvarthasiddhi 6.3
Is there a "righteous man" who is good and a righteous man who is not good?He who is good to Heaven and good to man, he is a righteous man who is good; good to Heaven but not good to man, that is a righteous man who is evil... But a wicked man who is evil to Heaven and evil to man, he is a wicked man who is evil; he who is evil to Heaven but not evil to man, that is a wicked man who is not evil.
8. Judaism. Talmud, Kiddushin 40a
"All who commit crimes, robbing, stealing, practicing villainy and treachery, and who kill men or violently assault them to take their property, being reckless and fearless of death--these are abhorred by all." The king says, "O Feng, such great criminals are greatly abhorred, and how much more detestable are the unfilial and unbrotherly--as the son who does not reverently discharge his duty to his father, but greatly wounds his father's heart, and the father who can no longer love his son, but hates him; as the younger brother who does not think of the manifest will of Heaven, and refuses to respect his elder brother, and the elder brother who does not think of the toil of their parents in bringing up their children, and is very unfriendly to his junior. If we who are charged with government do not treat parties who proceed to such wickedness as offenders, the laws of our nature given by Heaven to our people will be thrown into great disorder and destroyed. You must resolve to deal speedily with such according to the penal laws of King Wen, punishing them severely and not pardoning."
9. Confucianism. Book of History 5.9
Whosoever seeks, by whatever means, merely the happiness of cyclic existence for personal ends, he is to be understood as a mean person.
Whosoever reverses deeds done from base motives and turns back the happiness of worldly pleasures for the sake of his own liberation, that person is called middling.
Whosoever wishes to eliminate completely the sufferings of others through his own sufferings, that is the excellent person.
10. Buddhism. Bodhipathapradipa
God's definition of goodness is total giving, total service, and absolute unselfishness. We are to live for others. You live for others and others live for you. God lives for man and man lives for God. The husband lives for his wife and the wife lives for her husband. This is goodness. And here unity, harmony, and prosperity abound.
Evil is the emergence of selfishness into this world. God's principle of unselfish giving was twisted into an ungodly principle of selfish taking. The ungodly position of desiring to be served rather than to serve was thereby established. The origin of evil is Satan. He was in the position to serve God, but instead he posed as another god and subjugated man for his own benefit.... His motivation was selfishness. Out of his selfishness comes the origin of evil and sin.
11. Unification Church. Sun Myung Moon, 10-20-73
Evil and good are not equal, even though the abundance of evil may amaze you; so heed God, you men of wits, so that you may prosper!
12. Islam. Qur'an 5.100
Easily known is the progressive one; easily known the one who declines. He who loves Dhamma progresses, he who hates it declines.
13. Buddhism. Sutta Nipata 92
The things which men greatly desire are comprehended in meat and drink and sexual pleasure; those which they greatly dislike are comprehended in death, exile, poverty, and suffering. Thus liking and disliking are the great elements in men's minds. But men keep them hidden in their minds, where they cannot be fathomed or measured. The good and the bad of them being in their minds, and no outward manifestation of them being visible, if it be wished to determine these qualities in one uniform way, how can it be done without the use of the rules of propriety?
14. Confucianism. Book of Ritual 7.2.20
The Master said, "The true gentleman is easy to serve, yet difficult to please. For if you try to please him in any manner inconsistent with the Way, he refuses to be pleased; but in using the services of others he only expects of them what they are capable of performing. Common people are difficult to serve, but easy to please. Even though you try to please them in a manner inconsistent with the Way, they will still be pleased; but in using the services of others they expect them [irrespective of their capacities] to do any work that comes along."
15. Confucianism. Analects 13.25
That again which is virtue may, according to time and place, be sin. Thus appropriation of what belongs to others, untruth, and injury and killing, may, under special circumstances, become virtue.
Acts that are apparently evil, when undertaken from considerations connected with the gods, the scriptures, life itself, and the means by which life is sustained, produce consequences that are good.
16. Hinduism. Mahabharata, Shanti Parva 37.11, 14
No creature shall be harmed for one's own sake, one's own enjoyment. All depends upon the purpose; not even a blade of grass shall be cut without a worthy purpose. What is called sin becomes a merit if it is done for a higher purpose, even as what is considered uplifting becomes a force for binding if done in disregard of the higher Truth. Rightly used, rightly directed, the very means of fall become the means for rise....
[In Tantric ritual] wine is not to be taken as wine nor flesh as flesh; nor is it permissible to partake in the ceremonies as a mere human animal ridden with greed and desire. The wine is the Shakti, the Divine Energy; flesh is the Shiva, the Divine Substance, and he who partakes is none other than Bhairava himself, the Divine Enjoyer. The bliss that arises when all these three are fused in the consciousness of the worshipper is real Release. Bliss is the intimate form of Brahman and it is there installed in each individual body; wine brings out, releases into manifestation this indwelling Bliss... and awakens the sense of godhood which unties the knots of life. To be otherwise, to do otherwise, is simply to be drunk.
17. Hinduism. Kularnava Tantra 5
And verily We shall try you until We know those of you who really strive and are steadfast, and until We test your record.
18. Islam. Qur'an 47.31
Once there lived a housewife named Vedehika who had a reputation for gentleness, modesty, and courtesy. She had a housemaid named Kali who was efficient and industrious and who managed her work well. Then it occurred to Kali the housemaid, "My mistress has a very good reputation; I wonder whether she is good by nature, or is good because my work, being well-managed, makes her surroundings pleasant. What if I were to test my mistress?"
The following morning Kali got up late. Then Vedehika shouted at her maid, "Hey, Kali!" "Yes, madam?" "Hey, what makes you get up late?" "Nothing in particular, madam." "Nothing in particular, eh, naughty maid, and you get up late?" And being angry and offended, she frowned.
Then it occurred to Kali, "Apparently, my mistress does have a temper inwardly, though she does not show it because my work is well-managed. What if I were to test her further?" Then she got up later. Thereupon Vedehika shouted at her maid, "Hey, Kali, why do you get up late?" "No particular reason, madam." "No particular reason, eh, and you are up late?" she angrily hurled at her words of indignation.
Then it occurred to Kali, "Apparently, my mistress does have a temper inwardly, though she does not show it because my work is well-managed. What if I were to test her still further?" She got up still later. Thereupon Vedehika shouted at her, "Hey, Kali, why do you get up late?" and she angrily took up the bolt of the door-bar and hit her on the head, cutting it. Thereupon Kali, with cut head and blood trickling down, denounced her mistress before the neighbors, saying, "Madam, look at the work of the gentle lady, madam, look at the action of the modest lady, madam, look at the action of the quiet lady. Why must she get angry and offended because I got up late and hit me, her only maid, cutting me on the head?" Thus the housewife lost her good reputation.
Analogously, brethren, a person here happens to be very gentle, very humble, and very quiet as long as unpleasant things do not touch him. It is only when unpleasant things happen to a person that it is known whether he is truly gentle, humble, and quiet.
19. Buddhism. Majjhima Nikaya i.123-24, Kakucapama Sutta
Natzi/Nazi ... Heaven/Earth ... Dems/Reps ... Divine/Division
The Nazi of the World War 2 era, often referred to as the Third Reich, were established under the national socialist workers party. The era of the Nazi's and the cruelty of the Nazi Military in World War 2 led by Adolf Hitler is a sad stain on human history, and a reminder of the evil that human beings are capable of.
On January 30 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed as the chancellor of Germany. This was the beginning of the nightmare of evil that encompassed the world from that point on. After Hitler came unto power, he wasted no time establishing himself and began seeking more power, and he did this with sheer brutality.
The Natzi regime eliminated all other opposition, which helped them keep their grasp on the mantle of power. After squelching all other political parties in Germany, the Natzi's, led by Adolf Hitler, decided to wage war upon the world, which started Second World War.
On September 1st, 1939, Germany, under the Natzi regime, invaded Poland. Thus began the conquest of europe under Adolf Hitler, who was bent on destroying anyone who disagreed with him, and on conquering the world under the Natzi regime.
By late 1941, Germany and it's Military controlled nearly all of the baltic and mainland Europe. The world was in chaos, and the Natzi regime ruled with a iron fist. Hitler's sadistic plan to eradicate and eliminate all Jews from the face of the earth was underway, as the Natzi's methodically and systematically murdered millions of Jews in concentration camps, with precision, planning, and in the most cruel ways.
The Holocaust is a sad chapter in human history, one which must be observed and learned from. The Nazi regime was not able to execute their sinister plan without help and support on a massive scale. How could so many human beings take part in such cruel and inhumane acts? How could humanity stand by for so long to allow such things to happen? The answer to these questions may not be very hard to find.
There are many lessons to be learned from the rise and fall of the Third Reich, Nazi Germany and the Natzi regime, and even the life and death of it's leader Adolf Hitler. His cruelty, and the history of World War 2 provide an insight into the evils that man is capable of. We hope you enjoyed your visit. Natzi.com. All rights reserved.
American Jewish U. Hebrew courses in Los Angeles. Small private college setting.
WWII ....
The Natzi regime eliminated all other opposition, which helped them keep their grasp on the mantle of power. After squelching all other political parties in Germany, the Natzi's, led by Adolf Hitler, decided to wage war upon the world, which started Second World War.
On September 1st, 1939, Germany, under the Natzi regime, invaded Poland. Thus began the conquest of europe under Adolf Hitler, who was bent on destroying anyone who disagreed with him, and on conquering the world under the Natzi regime.
On January 30 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed as the chancellor of Germany. This was the beginning of the nightmare of evil that encompassed the world from that point on. After Hitler came unto power, he wasted no time establishing himself and began seeking more power, and he did this with sheer brutality.
The Natzi regime eliminated all other opposition, which helped them keep their grasp on the mantle of power. After squelching all other political parties in Germany, the Natzi's, led by Adolf Hitler, decided to wage war upon the world, which started Second World War.
On September 1st, 1939, Germany, under the Natzi regime, invaded Poland. Thus began the conquest of europe under Adolf Hitler, who was bent on destroying anyone who disagreed with him, and on conquering the world under the Natzi regime.
By late 1941, Germany and it's Military controlled nearly all of the baltic and mainland Europe. The world was in chaos, and the Natzi regime ruled with a iron fist. Hitler's sadistic plan to eradicate and eliminate all Jews from the face of the earth was underway, as the Natzi's methodically and systematically murdered millions of Jews in concentration camps, with precision, planning, and in the most cruel ways.
The Holocaust is a sad chapter in human history, one which must be observed and learned from. The Nazi regime was not able to execute their sinister plan without help and support on a massive scale. How could so many human beings take part in such cruel and inhumane acts? How could humanity stand by for so long to allow such things to happen? The answer to these questions may not be very hard to find.
There are many lessons to be learned from the rise and fall of the Third Reich, Nazi Germany and the Natzi regime, and even the life and death of it's leader Adolf Hitler. His cruelty, and the history of World War 2 provide an insight into the evils that man is capable of. We hope you enjoyed your visit. Natzi.com. All rights reserved.
American Jewish U. Hebrew courses in Los Angeles. Small private college setting.
WWII ....
The Natzi regime eliminated all other opposition, which helped them keep their grasp on the mantle of power. After squelching all other political parties in Germany, the Natzi's, led by Adolf Hitler, decided to wage war upon the world, which started Second World War.
On September 1st, 1939, Germany, under the Natzi regime, invaded Poland. Thus began the conquest of europe under Adolf Hitler, who was bent on destroying anyone who disagreed with him, and on conquering the world under the Natzi regime.
THE NEW WORLD ORDER v/s A NATION/KINGDOM
(1) Josephine Herbst, The Nation (8th January, 1936)
How long will the psychological reasons for submission to Hitler hold in the face of continuing economic instability for the great mass of people?Hitler has been successful in selling to the Germans the idea that he saved the country and all Europe from bolshevism, and that bolshevism is a destructive force, a strictly Jewish movement. Lately the term bolshevism with too much use has begun to lose its sharp edge. The Catholics also have been accused of bolshevism. The result has been to throw them into the opposition movement. In the Saar one of the illegal papers of the underground movement appears with the hammer and sickle combined with the Catholic cross. A priest about to be arrested was warned by the underground route; his house was surrounded by workers and peasants from the neighborhood, few of whom were Catholic, and the troopers coming to arrest him turned back at the sight of the dense crowd.
The existence of the underground movement is denied in the legal press, but twenty illegal papers come out regularly in Berlin alone. Hundreds of others appear irregularly. The papers are distributed by children and by workers during their working hours. The penalty for distributing such contraband may be the concentration camp; it may be death. Strikes are treason, and leaders are punished by death at the hands of a firing squad or by sentences to concentration camps. Yet strikes go on. Dozens occurred last summer, especially in the metal trades. Sometimes the strike consisted in a passive laying down of tools for an hour. Sometimes work was merely slowed up, "sticking," as they term it, "to the hands." Demonstrations used to be made for the release of Thälmann, the Communist leader, but lately there have been none, and it is not known for certain whether he is alive or dead. Only Germans who get their information from the legal press have any illusions about the so-called "bloodless revolution" of the Nazis; blood has flowed and is flowing. But if this last year was marked by the further concentration of wealth in the hands of the big industrialists, it is also notable that in the same period the underground movement made its greatest progress.
The outside world is always impatient of the predicament of a particular nation. Other people are always stupid and gulled by their leaders. Even within Germany itself some underground workers still puzzle at the suddenness of Hitler's blow. How could the powerful trade-union movement have been so easily crushed? The German worker, they say, was ideologically the best-informed worker in the world; he read economics, was versed in Marxist theory. The German worker was also patient and endowed with power to wait and endure. His very virtues became a trap for him. His long training under an earlier militaristic Germany in which order was a god made him an easier dupe.
It has taken time to recover from the blow of Hitler's seizure of power. At first Socialists and Communists did not work together and had no association with outside groups. But conversion is not the aim of the underground. Communists are willing to work with Catholics for religious liberty, and if, as an underground worker told me, half of a group of Socialists working with Communists in getting out a paper turn Communist, such an event is the outcome of an experience and not the focus of the movement. That neutrals have become weary of the parades, the constant orders to beflag houses, to appear on streets for "spontaneous" demonstrations has made it a little easier for the underground to work. The spying eye may not be so willing to see all that goes on around it. Moreover, the circle of Hitler's enemies widens every month. New recruits for the underground are made by Hitler himself. When he dissolves the Stahlhelm he suddenly touches many a family not formerly antagonistic. As yet they may merely not be so ready to hang out flags; they may smother their resentment and grow only a trifle more angry at the rise of prices; but by these tokens they serve the opposition whether they know it or not.
(2) John Gates, The Story of an American Communist (1959)
Between them, the Communists and Socialists had more votes than Hitler who was financed by the steel magnates. But because they could not unite, Hitler won and proceeded to wipe out both working class organizations. The Socialists had been opposed to unity with the Communists on principle and this had led to their undoing. The Communists appealed to the Socialists for unity but insisted it be on Communist terms. They opposed unity to defend German bourgeois-democracy against Hitler and argued that Socialist-Communist unity must be conditioned on acceptance of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
The Communists operated under the theory that the Social-Democrats were "social-fascists," a harmful concept and an insurmountable barrier to unity. This theory held that the Socialists were paving the way for fascism and consequently could be considered its allies. Serious errors of both movements contributed to Hitler's victory, but neither could be called his allies. They were his enemies and the members and leaders of both groups ended up in Nazi concentration camps, in Nazi torture and execution chambers.
This terrible object lesson was not lost on the world, and certainly not on Communists, Socialists and trade unionists. Hitler's regime of murder and of war preparations now confronted mankind with the greatest danger in all history. In the wake of Hitlerism and the almost world-wide depression, fascist movements arose in many countries. Here at home, fascist demagogues like Father Coughlin, Gerald L. K. Smith and Huey Long flourished. Something else began to flourish here and abroad: popular anti-fascist movements, determined to combat fascism everywhere.
Hitler and Nazi Germany Who's Who in Nazi Germany
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How long will the psychological reasons for submission to Hitler hold in the face of continuing economic instability for the great mass of people?Hitler has been successful in selling to the Germans the idea that he saved the country and all Europe from bolshevism, and that bolshevism is a destructive force, a strictly Jewish movement. Lately the term bolshevism with too much use has begun to lose its sharp edge. The Catholics also have been accused of bolshevism. The result has been to throw them into the opposition movement. In the Saar one of the illegal papers of the underground movement appears with the hammer and sickle combined with the Catholic cross. A priest about to be arrested was warned by the underground route; his house was surrounded by workers and peasants from the neighborhood, few of whom were Catholic, and the troopers coming to arrest him turned back at the sight of the dense crowd.
The existence of the underground movement is denied in the legal press, but twenty illegal papers come out regularly in Berlin alone. Hundreds of others appear irregularly. The papers are distributed by children and by workers during their working hours. The penalty for distributing such contraband may be the concentration camp; it may be death. Strikes are treason, and leaders are punished by death at the hands of a firing squad or by sentences to concentration camps. Yet strikes go on. Dozens occurred last summer, especially in the metal trades. Sometimes the strike consisted in a passive laying down of tools for an hour. Sometimes work was merely slowed up, "sticking," as they term it, "to the hands." Demonstrations used to be made for the release of Thälmann, the Communist leader, but lately there have been none, and it is not known for certain whether he is alive or dead. Only Germans who get their information from the legal press have any illusions about the so-called "bloodless revolution" of the Nazis; blood has flowed and is flowing. But if this last year was marked by the further concentration of wealth in the hands of the big industrialists, it is also notable that in the same period the underground movement made its greatest progress.
The outside world is always impatient of the predicament of a particular nation. Other people are always stupid and gulled by their leaders. Even within Germany itself some underground workers still puzzle at the suddenness of Hitler's blow. How could the powerful trade-union movement have been so easily crushed? The German worker, they say, was ideologically the best-informed worker in the world; he read economics, was versed in Marxist theory. The German worker was also patient and endowed with power to wait and endure. His very virtues became a trap for him. His long training under an earlier militaristic Germany in which order was a god made him an easier dupe.
It has taken time to recover from the blow of Hitler's seizure of power. At first Socialists and Communists did not work together and had no association with outside groups. But conversion is not the aim of the underground. Communists are willing to work with Catholics for religious liberty, and if, as an underground worker told me, half of a group of Socialists working with Communists in getting out a paper turn Communist, such an event is the outcome of an experience and not the focus of the movement. That neutrals have become weary of the parades, the constant orders to beflag houses, to appear on streets for "spontaneous" demonstrations has made it a little easier for the underground to work. The spying eye may not be so willing to see all that goes on around it. Moreover, the circle of Hitler's enemies widens every month. New recruits for the underground are made by Hitler himself. When he dissolves the Stahlhelm he suddenly touches many a family not formerly antagonistic. As yet they may merely not be so ready to hang out flags; they may smother their resentment and grow only a trifle more angry at the rise of prices; but by these tokens they serve the opposition whether they know it or not.
(2) John Gates, The Story of an American Communist (1959)
Between them, the Communists and Socialists had more votes than Hitler who was financed by the steel magnates. But because they could not unite, Hitler won and proceeded to wipe out both working class organizations. The Socialists had been opposed to unity with the Communists on principle and this had led to their undoing. The Communists appealed to the Socialists for unity but insisted it be on Communist terms. They opposed unity to defend German bourgeois-democracy against Hitler and argued that Socialist-Communist unity must be conditioned on acceptance of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
The Communists operated under the theory that the Social-Democrats were "social-fascists," a harmful concept and an insurmountable barrier to unity. This theory held that the Socialists were paving the way for fascism and consequently could be considered its allies. Serious errors of both movements contributed to Hitler's victory, but neither could be called his allies. They were his enemies and the members and leaders of both groups ended up in Nazi concentration camps, in Nazi torture and execution chambers.
This terrible object lesson was not lost on the world, and certainly not on Communists, Socialists and trade unionists. Hitler's regime of murder and of war preparations now confronted mankind with the greatest danger in all history. In the wake of Hitlerism and the almost world-wide depression, fascist movements arose in many countries. Here at home, fascist demagogues like Father Coughlin, Gerald L. K. Smith and Huey Long flourished. Something else began to flourish here and abroad: popular anti-fascist movements, determined to combat fascism everywhere.
Hitler and Nazi Germany Who's Who in Nazi Germany
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Why did Hitler try to execute the Jews ...?
The German Social Democratic Party (SDP) was established in 1875 with the publication of its Gotha programme. The programme was a mixture of the ideas of Karl Marx and Ferdinand Lasselle. Its originally leaders included Ferdinand Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht.
In the 1877 General Election in Germany the SDP won 12 seats. This worried Otto von Bismarck, and in 1878 he introduced an anti-socialist law which banned Social Democratic Party meetings and publications.
After the anti-socialist law ceased to operate in 1890, the SDP grew rapidly and in 1912 the party won 110 seats in the Reichstag. Led by Ferdinand Bebel, Karl Kautsky, Friedrich Ebert, and Eduard Bernstein, the SDP was now the largest political party in Germany. During the First World War a group of members led by Kurt Eisner left to form the Independent Socialist Party (USPD).
In October, 1918, Max von Baden invited right-wing members of the SDP to join his coalition government. On 9th November Friedrich Ebert took power and during the German Revolution he called in the German Army and the Freikorps to deal with the extreme left. Ebert was now condemned as a traitor by the Independent Socialist Party and the German Communist Party.
On 11th February, 1919, Friedrich Ebert was elected as the first chancellor of the Weimar Republic. Ebert, preoccupied with economic problems and a fear of further revolution, remained in office until his death in Berlin on 28th February, 1925.
Political Parties in the Reichstag June 1920 May 1924 Dec. 1924 May 1928 Sep. 1930 July 1932 Nov. 1932 Mar. 1933 Communist Party (KPD) 4 62 45 54 77 89 100 81 Social Democratic Party (SDP) 102 100 131 153 143 133 121 120
Catholic Centre Party (BVP) 65 81 88 78 87 97 90 93
Nationalist Party (DNVP) 71 95 103 73 41 37 52 52 Nazi Party (NSDAP) - - - 12 107 230 196 288 Other Parties 98 92 73 121 122 22 35 23
The Social Democratic Party continued to be the largest party in the Weimar Republic until July 1932 when the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) won 230 seats to the SDP's 133.
The SDP voted against the Enabling Act in March, 1933, which gave Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers. The Nazi Party banned the SDP in June 1933 and most of its leaders were arrested and sent to concentration camps.
The SDP was re-formed in 1959 and has taken part in several coalition governments in Germany in recent years.
In the 1877 General Election in Germany the SDP won 12 seats. This worried Otto von Bismarck, and in 1878 he introduced an anti-socialist law which banned Social Democratic Party meetings and publications.
After the anti-socialist law ceased to operate in 1890, the SDP grew rapidly and in 1912 the party won 110 seats in the Reichstag. Led by Ferdinand Bebel, Karl Kautsky, Friedrich Ebert, and Eduard Bernstein, the SDP was now the largest political party in Germany. During the First World War a group of members led by Kurt Eisner left to form the Independent Socialist Party (USPD).
In October, 1918, Max von Baden invited right-wing members of the SDP to join his coalition government. On 9th November Friedrich Ebert took power and during the German Revolution he called in the German Army and the Freikorps to deal with the extreme left. Ebert was now condemned as a traitor by the Independent Socialist Party and the German Communist Party.
On 11th February, 1919, Friedrich Ebert was elected as the first chancellor of the Weimar Republic. Ebert, preoccupied with economic problems and a fear of further revolution, remained in office until his death in Berlin on 28th February, 1925.
Political Parties in the Reichstag June 1920 May 1924 Dec. 1924 May 1928 Sep. 1930 July 1932 Nov. 1932 Mar. 1933 Communist Party (KPD) 4 62 45 54 77 89 100 81 Social Democratic Party (SDP) 102 100 131 153 143 133 121 120
Catholic Centre Party (BVP) 65 81 88 78 87 97 90 93
Nationalist Party (DNVP) 71 95 103 73 41 37 52 52 Nazi Party (NSDAP) - - - 12 107 230 196 288 Other Parties 98 92 73 121 122 22 35 23
The Social Democratic Party continued to be the largest party in the Weimar Republic until July 1932 when the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) won 230 seats to the SDP's 133.
The SDP voted against the Enabling Act in March, 1933, which gave Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers. The Nazi Party banned the SDP in June 1933 and most of its leaders were arrested and sent to concentration camps.
The SDP was re-formed in 1959 and has taken part in several coalition governments in Germany in recent years.
SPIRITUAL FREEDOM v/s DIVINE COMMUNISM
Frederick Engels 1847 The Principles of Communism
Written: October-November 1847; Source: Selected Works, Volume One, p. 81-97, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1969; First Published: 1914, Eduard Bernstein in the German Social Democratic Party’s Vorwärts!; Translated: Paul Sweezy; Transcribed: Zodiac, MEA 1993; marxists.org 1999; HTML Markup: Brian Baggins; Proofed: and corrected by Andy Blunden, February 2005.
Document Introduction.
— 1 —What is Communism?
Communism is the doctrine of the conditions of the liberation of the proletariat.
— 2 —What is the proletariat?
The proletariat is that class in society which lives entirely from the sale of its labor and does not draw profit from any kind of capital; whose weal and woe, whose life and death, whose sole existence depends on the demand for labor – hence, on the changing state of business, on the vagaries of unbridled competition. The proletariat, or the class of proletarians, is, in a word, the working class of the 19th century. [1]
— 3 —Proletarians, then, have not always existed?
No. There have always been poor and working classes; and the working class have mostly been poor. But there have not always been workers and poor people living under conditions as they are today; in other words, there have not always been proletarians, any more than there has always been free unbridled competitions.
— 4 —How did the proletariat originate?
The Proletariat originated in the industrial revolution, which took place in England in the last half of the last (18th) century, and which has since then been repeated in all the civilized countries of the world.
This industrial revolution was precipitated by the discovery of the steam engine, various spinning machines, the mechanical loom, and a whole series of other mechanical devices. These machines, which were very expensive and hence could be bought only by big capitalists, altered the whole mode of production and displaced the former workers, because the machines turned out cheaper and better commodities than the workers could produce with their inefficient spinning wheels and handlooms. The machines delivered industry wholly into the hands of the big capitalists and rendered entirely worthless the meagre property of the workers (tools, looms, etc.). The result was that the capitalists soon had everything in their hands and nothing remained to the workers. This marked the introduction of the factory system into the textile industry.
Once the impulse to the introduction of machinery and the factory system had been given, this system spread quickly to all other branches of industry, especially cloth- and book-printing, pottery, and the metal industries.
Labor was more and more divided among the individual workers so that the worker who previously had done a complete piece of work now did only a part of that piece. This division of labor made it possible to produce things faster and cheaper. It reduced the activity of the individual worker to simple, endlessly repeated mechanical motions which could be performed not only as well but much better by a machine. In this way, all these industries fell, one after another, under the dominance of steam, machinery, and the factory system, just as spinning and weaving had already done.
But at the same time, they also fell into the hands of big capitalists, and their workers were deprived of whatever independence remained to them. Gradually, not only genuine manufacture but also handicrafts came within the province of the factory system as big capitalists increasingly displaced the small master craftsmen by setting up huge workshops, which saved many expenses and permitted an elaborate division of labor.
This is how it has come about that in civilized countries at the present time nearly all kinds of labor are performed in factories –and, in nearly all branches of work, handicrafts and manufacture have been superseded. This process has, to an ever greater degree, ruined the old middle class, especially the small handicraftsmen; it has entirely transformed the condition of the workers; and two new classes have been created which are gradually swallowing up all the others. These are:
(i) The class of big capitalists, who, in all civilized countries, are already in almost exclusive possession of all the means of subsistance and of the instruments (machines, factories) and materials necessary for the production of the means of subsistence. This is the bourgeois class, or the bourgeoisie.
(ii) The class of the wholly propertyless, who are obliged to sell their labor to the bourgeoisie in order to get, in exchange, the means of subsistence for their support. This is called the class of proletarians, or the proletariat.
— 5 —Under what conditions does this sale of the labor of the proletarians to the bourgeoisie take place?
Labor is a commodity, like any other, and its price is therefore determined by exactly the same laws that apply to other commodities. In a regime of big industry or of free competition – as we shall see, the two come to the same thing –the price of a commodity is, on the average, always equal to its cost of production. Hence, the price of labor is also equal to the cost of production of labor.
But, the costs of production of labor consist of precisely the quantity of means of subsistence necessary to enable the worker to continue working, and to prevent the working class from dying out. The worker will therefore get no more for his labor than is necessary for this purpose; the price of labor, or the wage, will, in other words, be the lowest, the minimum, required for the maintenance of life.
However, since business is sometimes better and sometimes worse, it follows that the worker sometimes gets more and sometimes gets less for his commodities. But, again, just as the industrialist, on the average of good times and bad, gets no more and no less for his commodities than what they cost, similarly on the average the worker gets no more and no less than his minimum.
This economic law of wages operates the more strictly the greater the degree to which big industry has taken possession of all branches of production.
— 6 —What working classes were there before the industrial revolution?
The working classes have always, according to the different stages of development of society, lived in different circumstances and had different relations to the owning and ruling classes.
In antiquity, the workers were the slaves of the owners, just as they still are in many backward countries and even in the southern part of the United States.
In the Middle Ages, they were the serfs of the land-owning nobility, as they still are in Hungary, Poland, and Russia. In the Middle Ages, and indeed right up to the industrial revolution, there were also journeymen in the cities who worked in the service of petty bourgeois masters. Gradually, as manufacture developed, these journeymen became manufacturing workers who were even then employed by larger capitalists.
— 7 —In what way do proletarians differ from slaves?
The slave is sold once and for all; the proletarian must sell himself daily and hourly.
The individual slave, property of one master, is assured an existence, however miserable it may be, because of the master’s interest. The individual proletarian, property as it were of the entire bourgeois class which buys his labor only when someone has need of it, has no secure existence. This existence is assured only to the class as a whole.
The slave is outside competition; the proletarian is in it and experiences all its vagaries.
The slave counts as a thing, not as a member of society. Thus, the slave can have a better existence than the proletarian, while the proletarian belongs to a higher stage of social development and, himself, stands on a higher social level than the slave.
The slave frees himself when, of all the relations of private property, he abolishes only the relation of slavery and thereby becomes a proletarian; the proletarian can free himself only by abolishing private property in general.
— 8 —In what way do proletarians differ from serfs?
The serf possesses and uses an instrument of production, a piece of land, in exchange for which he gives up a part of his product or part of the services of his labor.
The proletarian works with the instruments of production of another, for the account of this other, in exchange for a part of the product.
The serf gives up, the proletarian receives. The serf has an assured existence, the proletarian has not. The serf is outside competition, the proletarian is in it.
The serf liberates himself in one of three ways: either he runs away to the city and there becomes a handicraftsman; or, instead of products and services, he gives money to his lord and thereby becomes a free tenant; or he overthrows his feudal lord and himself becomes a property owner. In short, by one route or another, he gets into the owning class and enters into competition. The proletarian liberates himself by abolishing competition, private property, and all class differences.
— 9 —In what way do proletarians differ from handicraftsmen?
In contrast to the proletarian, the so-called handicraftsman, as he still existed almost everywhere in the past (eighteenth) century and still exists here and there at present, is a proletarian at most temporarily. His goal is to acquire capital himself wherewith to exploit other workers. He can often achieve this goal where guilds still exist or where freedom from guild restrictions has not yet led to the introduction of factory-style methods into the crafts nor yet to fierce competition But as soon as the factory system has been introduced into the crafts and competition flourishes fully, this perspective dwindles away and the handicraftsman becomes more and more a proletarian. The handicraftsman therefore frees himself by becoming either bourgeois or entering the middle class in general, or becoming a proletarian because of competition (as is now more often the case). In which case he can free himself by joining the proletarian movement, i.e., the more or less communist movement. [2]
— 10 —In what way do proletarians differ from manufacturing workers?
The manufacturing worker of the 16th to the 18th centuries still had, with but few exception, an instrument of production in his own possession –his loom, the family spinning wheel, a little plot of land which he cultivated in his spare time. The proletarian has none of these things.
The manufacturing worker almost always lives in the countryside and in a more or less patriarchal relation to his landlord or employer; the proletarian lives, for the most part, in the city and his relation to his employer is purely a cash relation.
The manufacturing worker is torn out of his patriarchal relation by big industry, loses whatever property he still has, and in this way becomes a proletarian.
— 11 —What were the immediate consequences of the industrial revolution and of the division of society into bourgeoisie and proletariat?
First, the lower and lower prices of industrial products brought about by machine labor totally destroyed, in all countries of the world, the old system of manufacture or industry based upon hand labor.
In this way, all semi-barbarian countries, which had hitherto been more or less strangers to historical development, and whose industry had been based on manufacture, were violently forced out of their isolation. They bought the cheaper commodities of the English and allowed their own manufacturing workers to be ruined. Countries which had known no progress for thousands of years –for example, India – were thoroughly revolutionized, and even China is now on the way to a revolution.
We have come to the point where a new machine invented in England deprives millions of Chinese workers of their livelihood within a year’s time.
In this way, big industry has brought all the people of the Earth into contact with each other, has merged all local markets into one world market, has spread civilization and progress everywhere and has thus ensured that whatever happens in civilized countries will have repercussions in all other countries.
It follows that if the workers in England or France now liberate themselves, this must set off revolution in all other countries –revolutions which, sooner or later, must accomplish the liberation of their respective working class.
Second, wherever big industries displaced manufacture, the bourgeoisie developed in wealth and power to the utmost and made itself the first class of the country. The result was that wherever this happened, the bourgeoisie took political power into its own hands and displaced the hitherto ruling classes, the aristocracy, the guildmasters, and their representative, the absolute monarchy.
The bourgeoisie annihilated the power of the aristocracy, the nobility, by abolishing the entailment of estates – in other words, by making landed property subject to purchase and sale, and by doing away with the special privileges of the nobility. It destroyed the power of the guildmasters by abolishing guilds and handicraft privileges. In their place, it put competition – that is, a state of society in which everyone has the right to enter into any branch of industry, the only obstacle being a lack of the necessary capital.
The introduction of free competition is thus public declaration that from now on the members of society are unequal only to the extent that their capitals are unequal, that capital is the decisive power, and that therefore the capitalists, the bourgeoisie, have become the first class in society.
Free competition is necessary for the establishment of big industry, because it is the only condition of society in which big industry can make its way.
Having destroyed the social power of the nobility and the guildmasters, the bourgeois also destroyed their political power. Having raised itself to the actual position of first class in society, it proclaims itself to be also the dominant political class. This it does through the introduction of the representative system which rests on bourgeois equality before the law and the recognition of free competition, and in European countries takes the form of constitutional monarchy. In these constitutional monarchies, only those who possess a certain capital are voters –that is to say, only members of the bourgeoisie. These bourgeois voters choose the deputies, and these bourgeois deputies, by using their right to refuse to vote taxes, choose a bourgeois government.
Third, everywhere the proletariat develops in step with the bourgeoisie. In proportion, as the bourgeoisie grows in wealth, the proletariat grows in numbers. For, since the proletarians can be employed only by capital, and since capital extends only through employing labor, it follows that the growth of the proletariat proceeds at precisely the same pace as the growth of capital.
Simultaneously, this process draws members of the bourgeoisie and proletarians together into the great cities where industry can be carried on most profitably, and by thus throwing great masses in one spot it gives to the proletarians a consciousness of their own strength.
Moreover, the further this process advances, the more new labor-saving machines are invented, the greater is the pressure exercised by big industry on wages, which, as we have seen, sink to their minimum and therewith render the condition of the proletariat increasingly unbearable. The growing dissatisfaction of the proletariat thus joins with its rising power to prepare a proletarian social revolution.
— 12 —What were the further consequences of the industrial revolution?
Big industry created in the steam engine, and other machines, the means of endlessly expanding industrial production, speeding it up, and cutting its costs. With production thus facilitated, the free competition, which is necessarily bound up with big industry, assumed the most extreme forms; a multitude of capitalists invaded industry, and, in a short while, more was produced than was needed.
As a consequence, finished commodities could not be sold, and a so-called commercial crisis broke out. Factories had to be closed, their owners went bankrupt, and the workers were without bread. Deepest misery reigned everywhere.
After a time, the superfluous products were sold, the factories began to operate again, wages rose, and gradually business got better than ever.
But it was not long before too many commodities were again produced and a new crisis broke out, only to follow the same course as its predecessor.
Ever since the beginning of this (19th) century, the condition of industry has constantly fluctuated between periods of prosperity and periods of crisis; nearly every five to seven years, a fresh crisis has intervened, always with the greatest hardship for workers, and always accompanied by general revolutionary stirrings and the direct peril to the whole existing order of things.
Written: October-November 1847; Source: Selected Works, Volume One, p. 81-97, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1969; First Published: 1914, Eduard Bernstein in the German Social Democratic Party’s Vorwärts!; Translated: Paul Sweezy; Transcribed: Zodiac, MEA 1993; marxists.org 1999; HTML Markup: Brian Baggins; Proofed: and corrected by Andy Blunden, February 2005.
Document Introduction.
— 1 —What is Communism?
Communism is the doctrine of the conditions of the liberation of the proletariat.
— 2 —What is the proletariat?
The proletariat is that class in society which lives entirely from the sale of its labor and does not draw profit from any kind of capital; whose weal and woe, whose life and death, whose sole existence depends on the demand for labor – hence, on the changing state of business, on the vagaries of unbridled competition. The proletariat, or the class of proletarians, is, in a word, the working class of the 19th century. [1]
— 3 —Proletarians, then, have not always existed?
No. There have always been poor and working classes; and the working class have mostly been poor. But there have not always been workers and poor people living under conditions as they are today; in other words, there have not always been proletarians, any more than there has always been free unbridled competitions.
— 4 —How did the proletariat originate?
The Proletariat originated in the industrial revolution, which took place in England in the last half of the last (18th) century, and which has since then been repeated in all the civilized countries of the world.
This industrial revolution was precipitated by the discovery of the steam engine, various spinning machines, the mechanical loom, and a whole series of other mechanical devices. These machines, which were very expensive and hence could be bought only by big capitalists, altered the whole mode of production and displaced the former workers, because the machines turned out cheaper and better commodities than the workers could produce with their inefficient spinning wheels and handlooms. The machines delivered industry wholly into the hands of the big capitalists and rendered entirely worthless the meagre property of the workers (tools, looms, etc.). The result was that the capitalists soon had everything in their hands and nothing remained to the workers. This marked the introduction of the factory system into the textile industry.
Once the impulse to the introduction of machinery and the factory system had been given, this system spread quickly to all other branches of industry, especially cloth- and book-printing, pottery, and the metal industries.
Labor was more and more divided among the individual workers so that the worker who previously had done a complete piece of work now did only a part of that piece. This division of labor made it possible to produce things faster and cheaper. It reduced the activity of the individual worker to simple, endlessly repeated mechanical motions which could be performed not only as well but much better by a machine. In this way, all these industries fell, one after another, under the dominance of steam, machinery, and the factory system, just as spinning and weaving had already done.
But at the same time, they also fell into the hands of big capitalists, and their workers were deprived of whatever independence remained to them. Gradually, not only genuine manufacture but also handicrafts came within the province of the factory system as big capitalists increasingly displaced the small master craftsmen by setting up huge workshops, which saved many expenses and permitted an elaborate division of labor.
This is how it has come about that in civilized countries at the present time nearly all kinds of labor are performed in factories –and, in nearly all branches of work, handicrafts and manufacture have been superseded. This process has, to an ever greater degree, ruined the old middle class, especially the small handicraftsmen; it has entirely transformed the condition of the workers; and two new classes have been created which are gradually swallowing up all the others. These are:
(i) The class of big capitalists, who, in all civilized countries, are already in almost exclusive possession of all the means of subsistance and of the instruments (machines, factories) and materials necessary for the production of the means of subsistence. This is the bourgeois class, or the bourgeoisie.
(ii) The class of the wholly propertyless, who are obliged to sell their labor to the bourgeoisie in order to get, in exchange, the means of subsistence for their support. This is called the class of proletarians, or the proletariat.
— 5 —Under what conditions does this sale of the labor of the proletarians to the bourgeoisie take place?
Labor is a commodity, like any other, and its price is therefore determined by exactly the same laws that apply to other commodities. In a regime of big industry or of free competition – as we shall see, the two come to the same thing –the price of a commodity is, on the average, always equal to its cost of production. Hence, the price of labor is also equal to the cost of production of labor.
But, the costs of production of labor consist of precisely the quantity of means of subsistence necessary to enable the worker to continue working, and to prevent the working class from dying out. The worker will therefore get no more for his labor than is necessary for this purpose; the price of labor, or the wage, will, in other words, be the lowest, the minimum, required for the maintenance of life.
However, since business is sometimes better and sometimes worse, it follows that the worker sometimes gets more and sometimes gets less for his commodities. But, again, just as the industrialist, on the average of good times and bad, gets no more and no less for his commodities than what they cost, similarly on the average the worker gets no more and no less than his minimum.
This economic law of wages operates the more strictly the greater the degree to which big industry has taken possession of all branches of production.
— 6 —What working classes were there before the industrial revolution?
The working classes have always, according to the different stages of development of society, lived in different circumstances and had different relations to the owning and ruling classes.
In antiquity, the workers were the slaves of the owners, just as they still are in many backward countries and even in the southern part of the United States.
In the Middle Ages, they were the serfs of the land-owning nobility, as they still are in Hungary, Poland, and Russia. In the Middle Ages, and indeed right up to the industrial revolution, there were also journeymen in the cities who worked in the service of petty bourgeois masters. Gradually, as manufacture developed, these journeymen became manufacturing workers who were even then employed by larger capitalists.
— 7 —In what way do proletarians differ from slaves?
The slave is sold once and for all; the proletarian must sell himself daily and hourly.
The individual slave, property of one master, is assured an existence, however miserable it may be, because of the master’s interest. The individual proletarian, property as it were of the entire bourgeois class which buys his labor only when someone has need of it, has no secure existence. This existence is assured only to the class as a whole.
The slave is outside competition; the proletarian is in it and experiences all its vagaries.
The slave counts as a thing, not as a member of society. Thus, the slave can have a better existence than the proletarian, while the proletarian belongs to a higher stage of social development and, himself, stands on a higher social level than the slave.
The slave frees himself when, of all the relations of private property, he abolishes only the relation of slavery and thereby becomes a proletarian; the proletarian can free himself only by abolishing private property in general.
— 8 —In what way do proletarians differ from serfs?
The serf possesses and uses an instrument of production, a piece of land, in exchange for which he gives up a part of his product or part of the services of his labor.
The proletarian works with the instruments of production of another, for the account of this other, in exchange for a part of the product.
The serf gives up, the proletarian receives. The serf has an assured existence, the proletarian has not. The serf is outside competition, the proletarian is in it.
The serf liberates himself in one of three ways: either he runs away to the city and there becomes a handicraftsman; or, instead of products and services, he gives money to his lord and thereby becomes a free tenant; or he overthrows his feudal lord and himself becomes a property owner. In short, by one route or another, he gets into the owning class and enters into competition. The proletarian liberates himself by abolishing competition, private property, and all class differences.
— 9 —In what way do proletarians differ from handicraftsmen?
In contrast to the proletarian, the so-called handicraftsman, as he still existed almost everywhere in the past (eighteenth) century and still exists here and there at present, is a proletarian at most temporarily. His goal is to acquire capital himself wherewith to exploit other workers. He can often achieve this goal where guilds still exist or where freedom from guild restrictions has not yet led to the introduction of factory-style methods into the crafts nor yet to fierce competition But as soon as the factory system has been introduced into the crafts and competition flourishes fully, this perspective dwindles away and the handicraftsman becomes more and more a proletarian. The handicraftsman therefore frees himself by becoming either bourgeois or entering the middle class in general, or becoming a proletarian because of competition (as is now more often the case). In which case he can free himself by joining the proletarian movement, i.e., the more or less communist movement. [2]
— 10 —In what way do proletarians differ from manufacturing workers?
The manufacturing worker of the 16th to the 18th centuries still had, with but few exception, an instrument of production in his own possession –his loom, the family spinning wheel, a little plot of land which he cultivated in his spare time. The proletarian has none of these things.
The manufacturing worker almost always lives in the countryside and in a more or less patriarchal relation to his landlord or employer; the proletarian lives, for the most part, in the city and his relation to his employer is purely a cash relation.
The manufacturing worker is torn out of his patriarchal relation by big industry, loses whatever property he still has, and in this way becomes a proletarian.
— 11 —What were the immediate consequences of the industrial revolution and of the division of society into bourgeoisie and proletariat?
First, the lower and lower prices of industrial products brought about by machine labor totally destroyed, in all countries of the world, the old system of manufacture or industry based upon hand labor.
In this way, all semi-barbarian countries, which had hitherto been more or less strangers to historical development, and whose industry had been based on manufacture, were violently forced out of their isolation. They bought the cheaper commodities of the English and allowed their own manufacturing workers to be ruined. Countries which had known no progress for thousands of years –for example, India – were thoroughly revolutionized, and even China is now on the way to a revolution.
We have come to the point where a new machine invented in England deprives millions of Chinese workers of their livelihood within a year’s time.
In this way, big industry has brought all the people of the Earth into contact with each other, has merged all local markets into one world market, has spread civilization and progress everywhere and has thus ensured that whatever happens in civilized countries will have repercussions in all other countries.
It follows that if the workers in England or France now liberate themselves, this must set off revolution in all other countries –revolutions which, sooner or later, must accomplish the liberation of their respective working class.
Second, wherever big industries displaced manufacture, the bourgeoisie developed in wealth and power to the utmost and made itself the first class of the country. The result was that wherever this happened, the bourgeoisie took political power into its own hands and displaced the hitherto ruling classes, the aristocracy, the guildmasters, and their representative, the absolute monarchy.
The bourgeoisie annihilated the power of the aristocracy, the nobility, by abolishing the entailment of estates – in other words, by making landed property subject to purchase and sale, and by doing away with the special privileges of the nobility. It destroyed the power of the guildmasters by abolishing guilds and handicraft privileges. In their place, it put competition – that is, a state of society in which everyone has the right to enter into any branch of industry, the only obstacle being a lack of the necessary capital.
The introduction of free competition is thus public declaration that from now on the members of society are unequal only to the extent that their capitals are unequal, that capital is the decisive power, and that therefore the capitalists, the bourgeoisie, have become the first class in society.
Free competition is necessary for the establishment of big industry, because it is the only condition of society in which big industry can make its way.
Having destroyed the social power of the nobility and the guildmasters, the bourgeois also destroyed their political power. Having raised itself to the actual position of first class in society, it proclaims itself to be also the dominant political class. This it does through the introduction of the representative system which rests on bourgeois equality before the law and the recognition of free competition, and in European countries takes the form of constitutional monarchy. In these constitutional monarchies, only those who possess a certain capital are voters –that is to say, only members of the bourgeoisie. These bourgeois voters choose the deputies, and these bourgeois deputies, by using their right to refuse to vote taxes, choose a bourgeois government.
Third, everywhere the proletariat develops in step with the bourgeoisie. In proportion, as the bourgeoisie grows in wealth, the proletariat grows in numbers. For, since the proletarians can be employed only by capital, and since capital extends only through employing labor, it follows that the growth of the proletariat proceeds at precisely the same pace as the growth of capital.
Simultaneously, this process draws members of the bourgeoisie and proletarians together into the great cities where industry can be carried on most profitably, and by thus throwing great masses in one spot it gives to the proletarians a consciousness of their own strength.
Moreover, the further this process advances, the more new labor-saving machines are invented, the greater is the pressure exercised by big industry on wages, which, as we have seen, sink to their minimum and therewith render the condition of the proletariat increasingly unbearable. The growing dissatisfaction of the proletariat thus joins with its rising power to prepare a proletarian social revolution.
— 12 —What were the further consequences of the industrial revolution?
Big industry created in the steam engine, and other machines, the means of endlessly expanding industrial production, speeding it up, and cutting its costs. With production thus facilitated, the free competition, which is necessarily bound up with big industry, assumed the most extreme forms; a multitude of capitalists invaded industry, and, in a short while, more was produced than was needed.
As a consequence, finished commodities could not be sold, and a so-called commercial crisis broke out. Factories had to be closed, their owners went bankrupt, and the workers were without bread. Deepest misery reigned everywhere.
After a time, the superfluous products were sold, the factories began to operate again, wages rose, and gradually business got better than ever.
But it was not long before too many commodities were again produced and a new crisis broke out, only to follow the same course as its predecessor.
Ever since the beginning of this (19th) century, the condition of industry has constantly fluctuated between periods of prosperity and periods of crisis; nearly every five to seven years, a fresh crisis has intervened, always with the greatest hardship for workers, and always accompanied by general revolutionary stirrings and the direct peril to the whole existing order of things.
HEAVEN OR HELL, IT IS HERE ON EARTH, AND IT IS THE KINGDOM OF GOVERNMENT
Come Down to EARTH, YOUR WICKED THOUGHTS ARE LOST IN SPACE, TO THOSE OF YOU, WHO FOLLOW satan, Get out of the sky, it is right here, on earth, the heaven/heavens being government .... I am the sea that gave up the dead, MICHAEL SEAY, the lamb, and they are the dragon, they and I are constantly at war, the dragon trying to keep your mind, body and soul trapped, and the spiritual truth that is within me, trying to free your mind in spirit .... You fear death, and he will take you with him, to the lake of fire and brimstone .... Eternally his SLAVE ... WE MUST TURN AWAY FROM WICKEDNESS ... AND WORSHIP ALLAH, AND GIVE HIM PRAISE, TO HIM BELONGS THEIR GLORY ... OUR EARTH ... They surround my mother, their slave, as in the Statue of Liberty, she is an African Islamic Slave, unknown from her roots, she is held visibly monitored by men of the beast, day and night, focusing on my fear of her being harmed, and she be in fear of my death, I am strong in faith, and firm in truth ... I only fear Allah
Revelation 12
The Woman and the Dragon..... I am the son
1 A great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet and a crown of twelve stars on her head. 2 She was pregnant and cried out in pain as she was about to give birth. 3 Then another sign appeared in heaven: an enormous red dragon with seven heads and ten horns and seven crowns on its heads. 4 Its tail swept a third of the stars out of the sky and flung them to the earth. The dragon stood in front of the woman who was about to give birth, so that it might devour her child the moment he was born. 5 She gave birth to a son, a male child, who “will rule all the nations with an iron scepter.” [a] And her child was snatched up to God and to his throne. 6 The woman fled into the wilderness to a place prepared for her by God, where she might be taken care of for 1,260 days.
7 Then war broke out in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back. 8 But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven. 9 The great dragon was hurled down—that ancient serpent called the devil, or Satan, who leads the whole world astray. He was hurled to the earth, and his angels with him.
10 Then I heard a loud voice in heaven say:
“Now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God, and the authority of his Messiah. For the accuser of our brothers and sisters, who accuses them before our God day and night, has been hurled down. 11 They triumphed over him by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony; they did not love their lives so much as to shrink from death. 12 Therefore rejoice, you heavens and you who dwell in them! But woe to the earth and the sea, because the devil has gone down to you! He is filled with fury, because he knows that his time is short.”
13 When the dragon saw that he had been hurled to the earth, he pursued the woman who had given birth to the male child. 14 The woman was given the two wings of a great eagle, so that she might fly to the place prepared for her in the wilderness, where she would be taken care of for a time, times and half a time, out of the serpent’s reach. 15 Then from his mouth the serpent spewed water like a river, to overtake the woman and sweep her away with the torrent. 16 But the earth helped the woman by opening its mouth and swallowing the river that the dragon had spewed out of his mouth. 17 Then the dragon was enraged at the woman and went off to wage war against the rest of her offspring—those who keep God’s commands and hold fast their testimony about Jesus.
Revelation 12
The Woman and the Dragon..... I am the son
1 A great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet and a crown of twelve stars on her head. 2 She was pregnant and cried out in pain as she was about to give birth. 3 Then another sign appeared in heaven: an enormous red dragon with seven heads and ten horns and seven crowns on its heads. 4 Its tail swept a third of the stars out of the sky and flung them to the earth. The dragon stood in front of the woman who was about to give birth, so that it might devour her child the moment he was born. 5 She gave birth to a son, a male child, who “will rule all the nations with an iron scepter.” [a] And her child was snatched up to God and to his throne. 6 The woman fled into the wilderness to a place prepared for her by God, where she might be taken care of for 1,260 days.
7 Then war broke out in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back. 8 But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven. 9 The great dragon was hurled down—that ancient serpent called the devil, or Satan, who leads the whole world astray. He was hurled to the earth, and his angels with him.
10 Then I heard a loud voice in heaven say:
“Now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God, and the authority of his Messiah. For the accuser of our brothers and sisters, who accuses them before our God day and night, has been hurled down. 11 They triumphed over him by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony; they did not love their lives so much as to shrink from death. 12 Therefore rejoice, you heavens and you who dwell in them! But woe to the earth and the sea, because the devil has gone down to you! He is filled with fury, because he knows that his time is short.”
13 When the dragon saw that he had been hurled to the earth, he pursued the woman who had given birth to the male child. 14 The woman was given the two wings of a great eagle, so that she might fly to the place prepared for her in the wilderness, where she would be taken care of for a time, times and half a time, out of the serpent’s reach. 15 Then from his mouth the serpent spewed water like a river, to overtake the woman and sweep her away with the torrent. 16 But the earth helped the woman by opening its mouth and swallowing the river that the dragon had spewed out of his mouth. 17 Then the dragon was enraged at the woman and went off to wage war against the rest of her offspring—those who keep God’s commands and hold fast their testimony about Jesus.
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